论俄罗斯虚无主义的思想史背景

On the Intellectual History of Russian Nihilism

俄罗斯虚无主义应被视作近代西方启蒙现代性话语的延伸,本质上是一个宗教现象,其所关注的核心仍然是宗教和形而上学。启蒙现代性试图通过人的自我肯定为人的幸福建立基础。虚无主义的发展史即是人类自由意志逐渐强化的历史,是启蒙现代性过程中将人视为神所导致的后果的历史。俄罗斯19世纪独特的社会现状和激进知识阶层所具有的宗教特质,使得虚无主义这一宗教现象以一种更为激进和深广的方式呈现。

Russian nihilism, which is supposed to be regarded as the extension of Enlightening Modernity, is essentially a religious phenomenon with its concern over religion and metaphysics. Enlightening Modernity attempts to build the foundation of happiness through self-assertion of human beings. The history of Nihilism is both the gradual strengthening of human beings＇ free will and the outcome of regarding human beings as gods. The special social context and the religious characteristic of the radical intelligentsia in Russia in the 19th century have made Nihilism--the religious phenomenon--more radical and profound.