“历史自我”与“哲学自我”--论海德格尔与维特根斯坦早期思想的亲近性

"Historical Self" and "Philosophical Self" ——On the Close Relationship Between the Early Thoughts of Heidegger and Wittgenstein

海德格尔和维特根斯坦被称为20世纪西方哲学进程中最伟大的代表。两人的哲学思考共享着一些重要的基本主题。早期海德格尔的自我理论与早期维特根斯坦的自我理论之间具有一定的相似性。具体而言,就是在早期海德格尔看来,体验结构中的"历史自我"是更具源初性的自我,而"理论自我"则是派生的和被奠基的,它是对"历史自我"去历史化后的产物;对维特根斯坦而言,人的身体和心理学主体及表象主体、认识主体都不是真正的主体和自我,真正的主体是"哲学自我""形而上学主体","哲学自我"不是世界的部分,而是世界的界限。海德格尔的"历史自我"和维特根斯坦的"哲学自我"共同反对意识哲学中"意识自我"的统治地位,促成了西方哲学由近代性向现代性风格的转型。

Heidegger and Wittgenstein are named the most famous figures in modern western philosophy. They have many similar basic themes. There is a similarity between Heidegger/s theory of Self and Wittgenstein＇s. Namely, in Heideggerls early opinion, ＂historical Self＂ in the structure of experience is more primary than ＂theoretical Self＂. The latter is derivative, which is the consequence of de-history of historical Self. In Wittgenstein＇s opinion, our bodies, or psychological subject, or epistemic subject, are not real Self which is named by him ＂philosophical Self＂ or ＂metaphysical subject＂. ＂Philosophical Self＂ or ＂metaphysical subject＂ is not a part of World, but the bound of World. Both ＂historical Self＂ and ＂philosophical Self＂ are against the ＂conscious Self＂ of consciousness philosophy, which put the early modern western philosophy to the stage of modern western philosophy.