10世纪拜占庭帝国皇位继承多样性的表现及原因

An Analysis of the Manifestions and the Reasons of the Diversity of the Imperial Succession of the Byzantine Empire in the 10th Century

10世纪的拜占庭帝国处于马其顿王朝统治的前中期,其皇位继承关系上表现出鲜明的多样性,包括父死子继、兄终弟及、翁婿相承、女儿继承、遗孀继承等。这一特殊政治现象的出现,并非源于传统上无皇子之原因,事实上在马其顿王朝皇室统治延续的表象下,皇室血亲的皇位几次被篡夺。首先,篡位者均为军事贵族。拜占庭中期以后军事贵族的兴起及势力发展为其篡夺皇位提供了实力基础,此时期帝国军队仍保持着对皇位继承进行干预的政治传统,10世纪拜占庭军事贵族与官僚贵族日益激烈的政治斗争往往成为篡位活动的导火索。其次,关于篡位时机及统治合法性的获取。10世纪拜占庭帝国屡次出现的幼帝继位、摄政不稳的政治局势为野心勃勃的篡位者提供了契机,而在拜占庭早期皇位继承实践中,姻亲继承的出现为非皇室血亲承袭帝位提供了可能性及统治的合法性。

The Byzantine Empire in the 10th century, was in the early and middle stages of Macedonian dynasty, and the diversity of the imperial succession was very clear. It was not due to the traditional element, such as the lack of the royal heir. In fact, during the reign of the royal family, the imperial power was usurped several times. First of all, the usurpers were all military aristocracies, which was due to the military intervening in the imperial succession, the rising power of the military aristocracies, and the conflict between the military aristocracy and the bureaucratic aristocracy. Secondly, the unsteady state of the regency provided the opportunity for the usurpers, and the extension of the scope of the imperial succession gave them some kind of legitimacy.