杜甫夔州詩作中的“山河”與“山水”

“Shanhe”and“Shangshui”in Du Fu's Poems Written in Kuizhou

本文提出杜甫對夔州風物的書寫,已超越傳達個人美感的"山水"或"風景"等話語,須以漢語和杜詩中另一詞語"山河"來發顯其中"抒情史詩"之意味。然而,"山河"並非完全獨立於"山水"之外,而是與"山水"概念相互交織。詩人或自此地當下之"山水"而拓向千年萬里之"山河",或自廣袤的山河圖景起筆,而置峽中山水景物於其中。而被詩人賦予特殊性格的夔州秋峽,則更深地透顯"山水""山河"的相互交織。作爲中國詩歌一個肇始於東晉的傳統的傳承者,杜甫的夔州詩中亦不乏以輕靈柔潤之筆書寫的山水。本文以羈棲夔州的杜甫面臨其生命末期的一次危機和"啓蒙或創始事件"爲基點,探討詩人筆下具陰柔之美的山水如何在其危機中引導啓悟和超越。這一探討同時展示出中國文學中一個隱秘的譜系。

This article argues that Du Fu's writing about the landscape in Kuizhou has surpassed the meaning of "shanshui "( mountain-andwater) and "fengjing "( light-and-atmosphere) which were used for the discourse to convey personal aesthetic feeling. The article thus chooses another word "shanhe "( mountain-and-river) from the vocabulary of ancient document and particularly Du Fu's poetry to lay bare the sense of "lyric epic"in these poems. Nevertheless,so-called shanhe does not completely go beyond the meaning of shanshui,but conceptually interwoven with shanshui in Du's poems. The poet either opens up a vision of shanhe which spans over a time of thousands of years and a land of thousands of miles from a piece of shanshui of here-and-now,or situates the landscape in Kuizhou gorges among a panorama of China's shanhe. The autumn spectacle in Yangzi gorges endowed by poet with a special significance more deeply embodies this interweaving between the two concepts. However,as an heir of a tradition started from Eastern Jin in Chinese lyricism,some of Du's poems written in Kuizhou also present beautiful shanshui landscapes with a relaxing and gentle style. Based on the discussion of Du Fu's confrontation with a mental crises and an "initiation event " in this period,this article explores how the shanshui of feminized beauty led the poet to achieve the initiation and transcendence in his mental crises. The process of the exploration also exhibits a secret genealogy in the traditional Chinese literature.