我国传统戏剧类非物质文化遗产的保存和发展初探——以湖南花鼓戏为例

A Primary Study on Preservation and Development of Opera-type Intangible Cultural Heritage——A Case Study of Hunan Flowery Drum Opera

通过对国家级非物质文化遗产湖南花鼓戏的发展历史和现状的研究表明,20世纪50年代是花鼓戏发展的黄金时期。20世纪90年代以后,由于受到市场经济的强烈冲击,花鼓戏的生存和发展困难。虽然2008年花鼓戏被列入国家非物质文化遗产代表性目录,成立了省、市级花鼓戏保护传承中心,但其生存和发展困局并未破解,主要原因是在西方经济和科学技术、文化多元和城镇化冲击下,缺乏文化自信,社会的价值观发生扭曲,观众群体丧失;政府以追求GDP为目标,投入不足、支持方式单一,导致传统戏曲没有与文化产业同步发展。研究提出,地方戏剧类非物质文化遗产的保护,重点是各级政府履行非物质文化保护和继承的主体责任。与一般项目不同,戏剧需要由一个团队才能完成完整表演内容。因此,戏剧不仅重视传承人的作用,更要重视骨干团队的保护和发挥团队整体作用。只有培育有利于其生存和发展的土壤和环境,扩大观众群体,改革创新,才能不断推陈出新,与社会经济发展共同起舞。

Studies on the developing history and current situation of Hunan Huagu(Flowery Drum)Opera show that 1950 swas Huagu Opera's golden age,and after 1990 sit has been struggling to survive as a result of the strong blow from market-oriented economy.Although Huagu Opera was presented in the national intangible cultural heritage representative catalog in 2008,and provincial and municipal level centers for Huagu Opera preservation and inheritance were also established,its survival and development predicament still remains unsolved.The main reasons are:western economy,scientific technology,culture diversity and urbanization have resulted in a loss of cultural self-confidence,distorted social values and loss of audiences.The main target of government is to pursue GDP and has less interest in investing in traditional Opera,and supporting channel is poor.Therefore,the Opera didn't grow at the same pace with the cultural industry.This paper suggests that the preservation of this kind of intangible cultural heritage should be focused on the government's conducting fully its main responsibility in protecting the intangible cultural heritage.The Opera is different from other items of intangible cultural heritage,it needs a team to perform,thus,the whole team should be supported and not the inheritor only.Only by protecting and maintaining a favorable condition for the Opera's development,enlarging the group of audiences,innovating,continuing to create new plays,will the Opera benefit from achievements of our economic development.