发展中国家气候变化技术需求及技术转移障碍

Technology Needs of Developing Countries to Address Climate Change and Barriers of Technology Transfer

为促进我国气候变化适用技术向其他发展中国家转移,通过文献分析、问卷调查和专家咨询等方式,对联合国发展中国家气候变化技术需求评估报告进行了分析,确定了发展中国家气候变化技术需求的重点领域和技术、需求特点和技术转移障碍等。研究发现:1在减缓领域,发展中国家技术需求的优先领域为能源和农业,次优先领域为废弃物处理和工业节能,能源领域的优先方向为能源工业、交通和家用节能,农业领域的优先技术为改进作物管理、养殖废弃物管理、家畜饮食配方改良;2在适应领域,优先领域为农业和水资源,次优先领域为海岸带管理、卫生健康,农业领域的优先技术为作物管理、土地管理、农田水利和节水灌溉、高效牧场和牲畜管理,水资源领域的优先技术为雨水收集利用、供水渗漏控制、城市污水处理与回用、气候监测与预警系统、水井技术;3利用科技应对气候变化已成为广大发展中国家的共识,不同类型国家因国情和自然条件不同,其气候变化技术需求也各有侧重,但普遍以成熟适用技术为主,且与本国的优先发展事项紧密关联,同时发展中国家对于能力建设的需求十分强烈;4在技术转移的障碍方面,技术受方的障碍包括资金和市场障碍、能力条件障碍、信息障碍、法律政策障碍、知识产权和技术障碍、传统文化和公众意识障碍,技术供方的障碍(以我国为例)包括资金不足,存在多头管理,信息不对称,机构缺乏走出去的意愿等。最后,提出了我国加强气候变化南南科技合作的政策建议。

This article analyzed technology needs assessment reports of 20 developing countries by literature analysis, questionnaire and expert eonsuhation. Energy and agriculture are prior fields of mitigation for developing countries, and waste treatment and industrial energy efficiency are second priority fields. Energy industry, transport and household energy conservation are sub-fields of energy sector. Crop management improvement, agriculture waste management and livestock dietary improvement are prior technologies of agriculture sector. Agriculture and water resource are prior fields of adaptation for developing countries, and coastal zone management and health are second priority fields. Crop management, land management, farmland irrigation, pasture management and livestock management are prior technologies of agriculture sector. Rainwater harvesting, water leakage control, urban sewage treatment and reuse, climate monitoring and early warning systems, wells technologies are prior technologies of water sector. Tackling climate change by science and technology has become the consensus of most of developing countries. Different countries have different technology needs, but cost effective technologies and capacity building are most developing countries＇ preferences. The ban＇ier analysis shows that finance and market, capacity, information, regulation and policy, intellectual property and technology, tradition culture and awareness are the main barrier for technology transfer and diffusion for technology receiver. Finance, coordination of government, information, willingness and motivation are the main barrier for technology supplier, taking china as an example. Suggestions tot China to strengthen south-south cooperation to address climate change through science and technology are also given. First, develop action plans to promote scientific and technical cooperation on climate change, and strengthen the coordination of different ministries in charge of foreign aid. Second, strengthen bilateral and muhilateral cooperation to enhance China＇ s international discourse in climate change through multi-level cooperation mechanism. Third, guide and encourage all-round, multi-channel technology transfer to developing countries. Forth, strengthen capacity building of developing countries to address climate change through science and technology. Fifth, broaden the sources of funds through various channels, and optimize the structure of capital expenditure. Finally, complete set of policies and measures to promote China＇ s enterprises to participant south south scientific and technical cooperation.