从权力改变处境的功能区分权力的不同类型

Power as One's Ability to Change Other's Situations:A Functional Classification

权力是权力持有者改变其他人处境的能力。从权力改变人的处境的角度看,依其功能不同,可以把权力分为"实践性权力"、"规范性权力"与"制度性权力"三种类型。实践性权力是改变他人实践处境的能力,其行使既可以采取强制性的也可以采取非强制性(比如交易)的形式;规范性权力是改变他人规范处境的能力,其中最为重要的是加予他人应为的权力,这种权力又被称为规范性的话语权,与其相对的是工具性的话语权;制度性权力是改变他人制度处境的能力,表现为决定权,并具有决策权与裁决权两种不同的形式。当前,在决定权受到严格制度限制的前提下,争夺和运用话语权成了人们改变自己与他人制度处境的重要方式。

Power is one＇s ability to change others＇ situations,which can be divided into practical power,normative power and institutional power.Practical power is one＇s ability to changer others＇ practical situations,the exercise of which can either take the form of coercion or take the form of transaction.Normative power is one＇s ability to change others＇ normative situations,the most important one of which is normative discursive power,the power to impose oughts on others,while there is another kind of discursive power,that is,the instrumental discursive power.Institutional power is one＇s ability to change others＇ institutional situations,which presents itself as decisive power and has two different forms as decision-making power and adjudicative power.Nowadays,since decisive power has been institutionally regulated,to fight for and exercise discursive power becomes an important way for people to change their institutional situations.