“复礼”抑或“从俗”:论宋代家礼中的婚礼

Reviving Ancient Ritual or Following Customs:A Research on Wedding Ceremony in Family Rituals in the Song Dynasty

"礼"与"俗"是宋代家礼的基本范畴。早期道学家多由"以礼论俗"出发,进而要求"因礼废俗",通过礼学考证与道学思辨,批判与抵制各种鄙俚婚俗。同时,宋儒也"以俗合礼",将自以为合乎经义、不害义理的婚俗纳入礼文,进行"合礼化"。在这方面,程颐、司马光导夫先路,吕祖谦集其大成。然而,这种做法却遭到朱熹的反对,其著《家礼》以经义为本,"以礼化俗",赋予古礼以新生。由"复古"到"从俗"而归于"复古",宋儒的家礼立制完成了一个类似"正反合"的圆圈,为考察宋代家礼提供了一种新范式。

Ritual(li)and custom(su)are two fundamental categories of family rituals in the Song dynasty.Early moralists mostly commented on customs from the standard of ancient rituals and required to abolish those that were not in accordance with them.Through textual examination on ancient rituals and critical thinking,they often criticized and boycotted various kinds of wedding customs.In the meantime,Confucian scholars of the Song dynasty incorporated customs into ancient rituals and ritualized those wedding customs that they considered in conformity with ancient meanings.Cheng Yi and Sima Guang were pioneers in that and Lv Zuqian epitomized the trend of ritualization.However,Zhu Xi objected that way.Instead,he compiled Family Rituals based on ancient rituals and tried to change customs with ancient rituals.From reviving ancient rituals to following customs and then back to reviving,the development of the standards of family rituals made by Confucian scholars in the Song dynasty was similar to the path of a compass,which provided a new model for understanding family rituals of the time.