中国古代砖瓦生产中“浇水转釉”技术的起源与发展

The Origin and Development of the Jiaoshui Zhuanyou(introducing water as reducing agent) Technique in Brick and Tile Production of Ancient China

中国有大约4000年的砖瓦生产历史。在中国古代砖瓦中,青灰色砖瓦始终是主流,而青灰色砖瓦的生产,离不开从窑顶向窑内渗水的技术,即"浇水转釉"技术。从考古发现来看,至迟在战国时代,我国就已掌握了这种技术,而其起源必定更早。然而,浇水转釉技术有其难以克服的缺陷,单独使用该技术,砖瓦的质量难以保障。我国古代先民在生产实践中早已意识到这一问题,并辅助以从烟囱或窑壁向窑内注水等措施来加以解决。而这种从窑顶渗水与从烟囱或窑壁注水相结合的工艺,从其出现之日起,在我国砖瓦生产中一直应用。

The history of brick and tile production in ancient China lasted more than 4000 years. In the traditional technical system, black or grey bricks and tiles have a mainstream position. The production of grey bricks and tiles was closely related to the technique of introducing water into the kilns, or the so-called ＇jiaoshui zhuanyou＇ technique mentioned in texts. Archaeological evidence shows that this technique was established at least in the Warring States period. However, the adoption of this technique has to overcome certain challenges; using this technique alone cannot guarantee the quality. Having noted this issue, ancient workers adding water to kilns through chimney or the whole body of kilns. Then the combination of introducing water from the top and adding water from chimney had been continuously used for a long time ever since.