东北春大豆熟期组的划分与地理分布

A Study on Criterion,Identification and Distribution of Maturity Groups for Spring-sowing Soybeans in Northeast China

东北春大豆区是我国大豆主产区,大豆品种生育期特性是最主要的生态特性。美国建立的大豆熟期组制度已为全世界采纳。熟期组归类表述了品种最主要的地理生态特性,有利于全世界不同地区间的引种、交流和育种方案设计。本研究搜集了我国东北地区数十年来育种或生产上广泛使用的地方和育成的共计361份品种,于2012-2014年在东北大豆不同气候生态区的9个试验点,以美国和国内已明确MG000～MGⅢ熟期组的品种为标准,进行东北地区品种熟期划分的研究。鉴定方法为先根据标准品种相邻熟期组生育日数平均值的1/2为界,划定不同熟期组在该环境的范围,初步划定各品种的熟期组归属,然后统计各品种在不同环境的熟期组归属次数,结合考虑该品种适应的生态条件,最终确定其熟期组归属。本研究认为东北地区早春土壤墒情较好,播种后种子开始吸水萌动,而完全成熟则在完熟期（R8时期）,大豆的全生育期应为从播种到R8时期的生育日数。获得结果如下：（1）确定了不同试验点/生态亚区各熟期组划分的生育期天数范围和各熟期组鉴定的最佳试验点/生态亚区,具体的说以北安和扎兰屯作为MG000和MG00熟期租适宜的鉴定地点,克山和牡丹江作为MG0和MGⅠ适宜的鉴定地点,铁岭作为MGⅡ和MGⅢ适宜的鉴定地点;（2）361份东北春大豆归入MG000～MGⅢ共6个熟期组;（3）揭示了不同熟期组在东北地区的地域分布,大致上MG000和MG00主要分布在黑龙江北部及内蒙古北部,MG 0和MG I主要分布在黑龙江中南部,MGⅡ主要分布在吉林省,MGⅢ主要分布在辽宁省;（4）提出了一批东北地区各熟期组鉴定的本地区标准品种;（5）提出我国东北地区熟期组鉴定的方法,即先在当地将待鉴定的品种生育期天数与标准品种的表现或者本文所给出的各熟期组在当地的表现进行初步划分,然后按照其熟期组划分结果安排在适宜的鉴定点进行统一鉴定,经比对后确定其熟期组的归属。

Northeast China is the major soybean production area in China where the growth period traits, such as the days from sowing to maturity, are the major ecological traits varying from region to region. The maturity group（MG） system of the soybeans was firstly established in the US and then accepted internationally to characterize the cuhivars for exchanging materials and planning breeding schedules. In the present study, a collection of soybean varieties composed of 361 landraces and released cuhivars used in soybean production during the historical decades were tested with a group of American and domestic MG standard checks（ MG000-MG Ⅲ） at nine locations in Northeast China in 2011-2012 in order to establish a local MG grouping system and determine the MGs of the local varieties in Nortbeast China. The grouping procedure was as the following ： At each location each year, the class limits of a MG were determined as the average days to maturity plus and minus half distance between the neigbboring two MGs, all the MGs limit at all locations in all years were accordingly determined. Then the MG for each variety at each environment was nominated and finally the MG thr each variety was determined according to its most counts among locations and years. Here we used the days from sowing to maturity （R8） to group MGs which has been the international usual way rather than the others such as days from emergence to R7, because after the seeds sown in the soil, they start water absorption and metabolism in early spring and days from R7 to R8 were different among the varities in Northeast China. The results obtained were as follows ： （ 1 ） The MG class limits for various locations/sub-regions were determined and the best locations for each MG were nominated, such as Beian and Zhalantun for MGO00 and MGO0, Keshan and Mudanjiang for MGO and MG Ⅰ, Tieling for MG Ⅱ and MG Ⅲ; （2）The 361 Northeast spring soybean varieties were classified into six groups, MG000-MGⅢ, respectively ; （ 3 ） The distribution of the various MGs in sub-regions in Northeast China was revealed, such as MG000-MG00 mainly in Northern Heilongjiang and Northern Inner Mongolia, MG0-MG Ⅰ mainly in Central and Southern Heilongjiang province, MG Ⅱ mainly in Jilin province, and MG Ⅲ mainly in Liaoning province; （4）A number of the local MG standard checks in Northeast China were nominated for local utihzation; （5）A local MG grouping procedure in Northeast China was suggested, i.e. the first step to assign an introduction with a preliminary MG through comparison with MG- known varieties and then test and determine its MG at the best locations for MG testing.