MOOC时代美国高校教育价值观的微变及其启示

The Micro Change of American Higher Education Value Orientation and Its Enlightenment in the MOOCs Era

开放教育资源发展经历了开放课件运动OCW、开放教育资源OER和大规模开放在线课程MOOCs三个阶段,但是MOOC阶段在世界范围内传播最为广泛。慕课是美国高校为避免金融危机带给其危害而采取的措施,慕课从免费到收费,从开放到私有,从教育活动到商业活动,标志着美国在经济危机冲击下价值取向的微变,即由实用主义、人本主义所主导的对教育价值本身的追求转变为以经济利益为主导的对商业利益的追求,其表象为教育活动变为"教育—商业"活动,这种转变的本质是:经济危机对高校教育的冲击以及高校应对危机的行为表现。以此为鉴,借助慕课的优势,借鉴慕课在美国的发展,大力加速我国教育跨越式发展,必须防范慕课带来的教育活动商业化取向及慕课所导致的西方高等教育霸权,防止教育依附理论抬头。在文化传播方面,防止基于思想观念的文化侵略和文化渗透,中国化是慕课在我国发展的必由之路。

The development of Open Educational Resources has come through three stages： Open Courseware（OCW）, Open Educational Resource（OER）, and Massive Open Online Courses（MOOCs）.MOOCs have now been widely accepted around the world. MOOCs are a measure that American universities employed to avoid the hazard of the financial crisis. MOOCs have shifted from free of charge to fee charging, from public access to private access only, from educational activity to commercial activity.This shift symbolizes the micro changes of value orientation in USA because of the impacts of economic crisis. The value change refers to the alternation from the pursuit of educational value that dominated by pragmatism and humanism to the pursuit of commercial benefit that dominated by the economic interests.This value change is expressed as a shift from educational activity to educational-commercial activity. The nature of this value change is the impact of financial crisis on higher education, and the responses of higher education to the crisis. Learning from the development of MOOCs in USA, this paper suggests to utilize the advantages of MOOCs to speed up the leapfrog development of education in China. However,this paper also argues to prevent the commercialization of educational activities and the hegemony of Western higher education that brought by MOOCs as well as the rising of educational dependency theory.Thinking from the perspective of cultural diffusion, to prevent the cultural invasion and penetration,localization is the necessary way to develop MOOCs in China.