土质文物盐害中硫酸钠的研究--从微观到宏观

Sodium sulfate behind earthen relics salt damages:from micro to macro

土遗址和壁画遗址可溶盐主要为NaCl和Na_2SO_4,其中Na_2SO_4是破坏程度最严重的盐。一般认为,硫酸钠只有在温度、湿度变化时才不稳定,才发生得失结晶水引起的晶型及体积变化。为研究土质文物盐害的形成机制及内在原因,调研了全国几处典型土遗址和壁画遗址的盐害状况并取样分析。分析发现:1)土遗址和壁画遗址中硫酸钠的形貌、结构是动态变化的(无论在任何极端干燥环境甚至真空条件下);2)环境因素如温度、相对湿度的变化只是加剧上述变化进程。硫酸钠结晶析出时,其体积膨胀约4倍。这一系列的过程,深刻影响着硫酸钠的相变复杂性和对依存土质文物本体的破坏性。本工作从微观和宏观两个层面探讨了这些发现,并通过不同盐分(不同浓度氯化钠、硫酸钠)侵蚀破坏模拟试验、不同温度条件下模拟试验、不同相对湿度下模拟试验,从宏观层面印证了上述微观机制在土遗址和壁画遗址本体的外在表现。本研究发现土遗址中硫酸钠的形貌、结构是动态变化的,该工作弥补了以往研究和认识上的局限。本研究将对阻止、延缓及预测土质文物盐害的发生、发展提供科学参考。

The main soluble salts salt- damaged soil sites aresodium chloride （NaCl） and sodium sulfate （ Na2 SO4 ）. Thecrystallization of salts isthe main destructive force in the process of salt damage, and sodium sulfate is the most destructivesalt. Traditional views suggested that the crystal formand volume change of sodium sulfate upon crystallization take place only when temperature andhumidity change, the status of salt damage in several typical soil ruins was investigated and several samples were analyzed to determine the mechanism of formation of harmful salts and their internal causes in the soil ruins, from micro tomacro levels. This study shows that the changes of sodium sulfate, both in the morphology, size and structure, were profound and continuous. The sodium sulfate volume expands about 4.2 times when it crystallizes. It is confirmed the external manifestations of the above microscopic mechanism in soil sites with macro - level observation in a serious of simulation tests.