从抽象道德到社会伦理——黑格尔与马克思对康德道德哲学的批判

From the Abstract Morality to the Social Ethics——On the Criticism about Kant's Moral Philosophy from Hegel and Marx

康德道德哲学为现实生活提供了难以企及的道德理想,为道德哲学研究提供了作为范本的纯粹先验原理,但正因为如此,康德道德哲学陷入了黑格尔所批判的形式主义。黑格尔认为,治疗形式主义的方法就在于区分道德和伦理,并使道德向伦理过渡,赋予道德以社会、政治、经济内涵,从而使道德充满具体内容。黑格尔对康德的批判直接启发了马克思,马克思将道德问题置于政治经济学的结构关系这一广阔的背景中,道德哲学转变成了对资本主义批判的社会伦理问题。

Kant＇s moral philosophy provided the moral ideal which is hard to be reached for the real life and provided a pure priori principle model to the study of moral philosophy,but just because of this,Kant＇s moral philosophy become formalism. Hegel held that treatment of formalism lies in the distinction between morality and ethics,and in the transition from morality to the ethics,and also in putting morality with social,political,and economic connotation. Hegel＇s criticism of Kant directly inspired Marx,Marx put morality in the broader context of political economics and moral philosophy. So moral philosophy turned into ethical problems of criticizing capitalism.