理性、经济观念和社会观念——由西方的衰落必有其原因引起的思考

Rationality,Economic Ideology and Social Ideology——Reflecting Upon the Inevitable Circumstances Leading to the Decline of the West

理性像"万金油",理性和思维是同义语,理性方法主要是算计。资本主义存在的第一动力是获利。资本主义的三个主要缺陷是剥削、异化和利润率下降。从经济观念来看,边际效用学派采用了理性方法。劳动是商品,雇佣指用货币购买劳动,而不是购买劳动力。劳动力是未付出的劳动能力,根本不可见;劳动是已付出的劳动能力,完全可见。马克思假定"活劳动是利润的最终来源"。劳动价格异化,不是劳动的人被异化,而是资本主义被异化。从社会观念来看,自由竞争和剩余价值没有必然联系,垄断不是资本主义衰落的根本原因。根据文化的特征,还不能认定西方文化衰落。意识形态决定制度变迁,"文化为体制之母"。列宁揭示了资本主义衰落的秘密,即垄断和利润的必然联系。文化的状态和保证利润是不同问题。从利润率下降趋势、剩余价值实现以及自动崩溃论可以看到西方的衰落之原因,西方文化的衰落不是问题的关键所在。

Rationality is like a jack-of-all-trades and rationality is basically synonymous with rational thinking. The main method of rationality lies in calculation. The first impetus to the existence of capitalism is the pursuit of maximum profit. The three main defects of capitalism are exploitation,alienation and deterioration of profit margins.From an economic standpoint,the marginal utility school adopts the rational method in its academic deduction. Labor is viewed as a commodity,in which case employers use their money to buy labor,rather than the labor force.Labor force is invisible in that it refers to the hidden abilities of a labor; whereas labor is visible in that it refers to the actual energy expended in the laboring process. Marx assumes that ＂living labor is the ultimate source of profit＂. In this sense,the alienation of labor price is not the alienation of labor,but rather the alienation of capitalism.From a sociological point of view,there exists no indispensable connection between free competition and surplus value. Therefore,monopoly is not the root cause of the decline of capitalism. According to the characteristics of culture,the decline of Western culture can not be determined. Ideology decides system change,and＂culture is the mother of the system＂. Lenin revealed the secret of the decline of capitalism,that is,the inevitable link between monopoly and profit. The status of culture and the pursuit of profits are different issues. From the decline in profit margins,the realization of surplus value and the automatic decay,we can gain an insight into the causes of the decline of the West,of which the decline of Western culture is not the key one.