精确林业传感技术和无线传感器网络研究进展

Review and prospect of sensing technologies and wireless sensor networks for precision forestry

林业生产过程由多种生产作业分享时间和资源,需要实现以最少资源投入、最小环境危害、获得最大林业收益的精确林业目标。笔者围绕精确林业,综述了树木生长信息检测、树木胁迫信息检测、立木识别、林区立地检测、林区气候监测等林业作业目标识别与作业环境监测,以及林业机械作业参数监控的传感技术,并就林业多传感器融合、林业无线传感器网络及新型林业传感器进行了分析并提出研发建议,其中首次将精确林业传感器从工作环境角度分为固定式、移动式和随机式传感器3类,分析并提出相应林业传感器供电方式的建议。

In forestry production processes,time and resources can be shared by different operations to achieve maximum economical return and least environmental impacts with minimum input. That is the goal of precision forestry.In this paper,the sensing technologies on identification of forestry operation target,monitoring of working environments and operational parameters of forestry machinery are reviewed,including the detection of tree growth information,the tree stress information（ including the wildfire detection,the tree moisture measurement,the recognition of forest diseases and pests,etc.）,the identification of standing tree and the monitoring of forest climate. The multi-sensor information fusion technology of the precision forestry is analyzed,and the integration of the plant breeding phenotypic information through low-altitude unmanned aerial remote sensing and other sensor information is suggested. The construction of forestry wireless sensor network is analyzed and it is concluded that the network may be constructed by introducing the multimedia information sensing function in the sensor nodes. The development of new forestry sensors is proposed,and for the first time,the new forestry sensors are classified into three categories,i. e.,the fixed-spot sensors,the mobile sensors and the random-spot sensors based on the forestry production environments. Then,the power supply methods for the fixed-spot forestry sensors are analyzed and proposed,such as the photovoltaic-wind hybrid power generating systems,the tree electricity and the electronic plants. Several research areas for the random-spot sensors are put forward,including the new sensor stand-by battery,the vibration energy collection,the energy optimization control,the sensor shape design and the different bionic robot sensors such as fish-shaped underwater sensors,serpentine ground sensors,bird-shaped flying sensors, gecko-shaped sensors for climbing cliffs or trunk, and pangolin-shaped underground sensors,etc.