我国未来民法典中主体制度的设计思考

The Thought on Designing the Subject System in the Future“Civil Code”——Theoretical Controversies,Views and Suggestions

民法典编篡过程中,对于主体部分的设计存在争议:"总则"的主体部分应规定哪些主体?这些主体应如何规定?我认为,民法典"总则部分"的主体应规定自然人、两户、法人、非法人团体。对于自然人,现行的"行为能力"应该规定在"法律行为部分";"责任能力"应规定在"侵权法部分";"监护"应是亲属法的内容。法人应当按照社团法人与财团法人的分类作为主线,再辅以营利与非营利对社团法人划分;"两户"应当保留;"非法人团体"应规定其赋予权利能力的具体条件及责任承担,并区分民法上的契约型合同行为与作为非法人团体的合伙组织。同时,在设计我国民事主体时,要坚持"民商合一"及"本土化"原则。

There are controversies over how to design the part of the subjects in the process of compling the ＂Civil Code＂： what subjects should be stipulated in the general part,and how to design the provisions about these subjects. In my view,the general part of the ＂Civil Code＂should stipulate natural person,individual businesses and lease- holding farm households,legal person,unincorporated society. As for natural person,the current ＂capacities for civil acts＂should be stipulated in the section of＂legal act＂; ＂capacity for responsibility＂should be stipulated in the part of＂tort law＂; The guardian- ship system should be the part of the family law. As for the legal person,we should take the classification of juridical association and incorporated foundation as the main line,along with the standard of ＂for- profit and not- for- profit＂to divide the juridical association. In the future ＂Civil Code＂,the individual businesses and lease- holding farm households should be reserved. The future＂Civil Code＂should stipulate the specific conditions on giving the unincorporated society legal capacity and the unincorporated society＇s legal liability. Meanwhile,the future＂Civil Code＂should distinguish the compact contract behavior in civil law and the partnership organization,which is a kinds of unicorporated organizations. At the same time,we should insist on the principles of＂civil- commercial combination＂and ＂localization＂to design our country＇s subject system.