应用不同毒理学终点评估酚类物质的生态危害和风险

Using Different Toxicological End Points to Evaluate Phenolic Compounds for Ecological Hazard and Risk

以我国典型湖泊、河流中检出率较高的五氯酚、2,4-二氯酚、2,4,6-三氯酚、4-硝基酚、2,4-二硝基酚以及列入美国优先监测污染物的2-甲基-4,6-二硝基酚为研究对象,分别应用急性毒性终点、慢性致死效应终点和/或慢性非致死效应终点开展基于物种敏感度分布法和评估因子法的生态危害评估;在此基础上结合我国典型湖泊、河流中酚类物质实测浓度计算五氯酚、2,4-二氯酚、2,4,6-三氯酚和4-硝基酚的长期风险商。结果表明,应用繁殖发育等慢性非致死效应终点得到的五氯酚、2,4-二硝基酚的5%物种危害浓度(HC5)明显低于其应用慢性致死效应终点得到的HC5。太湖、三江(松花江、长江、珠江)四河(辽河、海河、黄河、淮河)以及钱塘江水系中五氯酚、2,4-二氯酚、2,4,6-三氯酚和4-硝基酚的水生态风险是可接受的。但五氯酚对我国三江四河的长期危害风险亟需引起关注,特别是对水生生物繁殖、发育和生长等的非致死性危害。

As phenolic compounds such as pentachlorophenol（PCP）, 2,4-dichlorophenol（2,4-DCP）, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol（2,4,6-TCP）, 4-nitrophenol（4-NiP）, 2,4-dinitrophenol（2,4-DNP） and 2-methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol are frequently detected in the surface water of China and 2-methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol is also listed as a priority pollutant for monitoring in the USA, evaluation was performed of those compounds for ecological hazards, using the species sensitive distribution （SSD） approach and the assessment factor （AF） approach, based on the acute toxicity endpoints, the chroniclethal endpoints and the chronic nonlethal endpoints. On the basis of concentrations of these compounds measured in thelakes and rivers typical of China, chronic ecological risk quotients （RQ） of PCP, 2,4-DCP, 2,4,6-TCP and 4-NiPwere worked out. Results show that the HC5（hazardous concentration for 5% of the species） of PCP and 2,4-DCP derivedby the chronic nonlethal endpoints was obviously lower than that derived by the chronic lethal endpoint. Furthermore, theecological risks of PCP, 2,4-DCP, 2,4,6-TCP and 4-NiP in the Taihu lake, Songhua River, Yangtze River, Pearl River, Liaohe River, Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, and the Qiantang River system, were all at acceptable level.However the longterm hazardous risk of PCP in these waterbodies should arouse close attention, especially to its chronicnonlethal hazard to reproduction, development and growth of the aquatic organisms as its RQ is very close to 1.