清代非直省民族地区的司法制度研究——以理藩院为中心的考察

A Study on the Judicial System of Non-provincial Ethnic Areas in the Qing Dynasty——A Survey of the Court of Colonial Affairs

清朝吸取历代统治的经验教训,对非直省1民族地区的治理并不局限于政治与军事手段,且尤为重视法律治理。为此,清政府专门设置理藩院作为管理非直省民族地区事务的中央最高机关,拥有对这些地区的立法、司法与行政大权,并且随着时局的变化不断调整其机构组成及其功能。就理藩院的司法功能而言,可看出清代从中央到地方构建了一整套司法机构体系并且有效处理了其与其他相关司法机构的权限冲突,牢牢地控制了地方的司法权,有效地维护了非直省民族地区的社会稳定。

As a political power of ethnic minority,the Qing government drew lessons from history. In governing the non-provincial ethnic areas,it not only used political and military means,but also gave priority to legal governance. To this end,the Qing government set up the Court of Colonial Affairs as the highest central organ to govern the non-provincial ethnic areas,which had the legislative,judicial and executive power in these areas. And with the change of the situations,the Qing government constantly adjusted the institutions and functions of the Court of Colonial Affairs. In terms of its judicial functions,the Qing Empire built a judicial system from the central to the local,effectively dealt with conflicts with other related judicial institutions,firmly controlled the local judicial power,and effectively safeguarded the social stability of the non-provincial ethnic areas.