论魏晋士风嬗变的历史、时代动因

Historical and Era Motivations in the Evolution of Academic Atmosphere in Wei and Jin Dynasties

士风是一个时代的意识形态、学术变迁的历史投影。魏晋是士风变化剧烈的历史时期。从政治文化说,魏晋承袭汉代而来。魏晋经学的国家意识形态化直接影响时代的学术变迁,而时代的学术变迁直接影响一代学术风气和士人价值选择,因此在观念上又深刻影响了一代士人的人生态度、人格精神和立身行事的基本作风,从而成为影响一代士风形成、变化的主要时代动因。然而,发端于汉末的士林主体意识的觉醒是魏晋士人思想、观念、行为所表现出的基本特点,而主体意识与集团依附意识的错综交织、儒家思想与玄释思想的错综交织,又使得魏晋士人主体意识觉醒的历史过程显得异常复杂而曲折。

Academic atmosphere is the historical shadow of the ideology and academic changes in one era. Wei and Jin Dynasties are historical periods of the drastic change in the academic atmosphere. In political culture, Wei and Jin Dynasties follow Han dynasty. The national ideology of the Confucian classics in Wei and Jin Dynasties has an immediate impact on academic changes of the times. Academic changes of the times also have an immediate impact on academic atmosphere and scholars＇ selection on value in one era. So, in perception, academic changes of the times also deeply influenced the life attitudes, personality spirits, and the basic style of their behaviors. And these have been the main motivations in the evolution of academic atmosphere in the formation and transformation. However, the awakening of scholars＇ subject consciousness, originated at the last reign of Han Dynasty, is the essential feature, which are reflected in scholars＇ ideas, perceptions, and behaviors in Wei and Jin Dynasties. With the mixture of subject consciousness and group attached consciousness, the Confucianism and Metaphysics, the awakening of the historical period of scholars＇ subject consciousness appeared extremely complicated and tortuous.