日本华侨公墓与后土、土地神信仰——旅日华侨社会的历史和记忆之表象

Chinese Cemetery in Japan and the Worship to Houtu-the God of Land:the Representation of History and Memory of Chinese-Japanese Society

"后土"即墓地的土地神。在中国大陆及台湾地区,"土地公"、"城隍神"等土地神在各地均有迹可循。在中国建造墓地时,首先要对墓地之土地神——后土进行祭拜,这是一种民俗性的行为。在日本,除了长崎之外,华侨社会于近代形成,亦开始在建造公墓之后树立后土碑。文章对现居于日本的华侨集中居住和活动地长崎、神户、京都、横滨等地的公墓,特别是被称为"后土"的墓碑进行关注,重点关注对象为神户与后土碑相邻而建的阪神淡路大地震(1995年)华侨遇难者追悼纪念碑以及横滨与关东大地震(1923年)华侨遇难者纪念碑合建的后土碑,藉此对华侨在日本形成的祭祀祖先的实际形态及特质进行相关考证:既对清明节等时节祭祀祖先的活动加以关注,同时对日本华侨社会和群体当中的后土的意义及其社会性、民俗性特质进行考察。

Houtu,which is regarded as the God of Land of the graveyard,is also called Grandpa Tudi or God of Chenghuang in China's Mainland and Taiwan Region,where the first ceremony of setting up the cemetery is to worship Him.In Japan,except Nagasaki,the overseas Chinese society in modern form also begins to establish a gravestone of Houtu in the cemetery.Therefore,this paper focused on the Chinese cemeteries centralized Nagasaki,Kyoto,Yokohama and Kobe,especially the Memorial Monuments for the overseas Chinese victims in the Hanshin Awaji Earthquake（1995）and the great Kanto Earthquake（1923）,attempting to investigate the actual forms and features of ancestors worship of Chinese-Japanese society including both the activities on the Tomb-sweeping Day and the social significance of Houtu.