不同草地所有权下家庭牧场生产效率比较分析

Comparative analysis of pastoral livestock production of the households with different grassland ownership

选取了甘肃祁连山区肃南县春夏秋冬四季草场均已分配到户的15个牧户和天祝县夏秋草场或四季草场均为公共草场的15个农牧户,从草地生态系统生产功能的角度,通过野外调查、DEA模型(数据包络分析模型)分析,比较两地牧民草场面积,冷季补饲,牧工费,家庭劳动力等投入,出售活畜、毛、奶等畜产品的产出等项目,探讨不同的草地所有权下牧民生产效率平均值、效率分布的差异性以及影响生产效率的因素。结果显示:天祝县农牧民生产效率的平均值大于肃南县(P<0.05),且天祝县牧户生产效率的分布优于肃南县。进一步分析得出造成牧业生产效率低的原因从大到小顺序为:补饲投入、能繁母畜、草场面积和劳动力投入。验证了草地所有权会影响家庭牧场生产效率的假设,并且就生产效率角度来说,不完全承包到户的草地所有权优于完全承包到户的。

The Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County and Sunan Yugu Autonomous County,both located in the Qilian Mountains（ Gansu Province）,were selected for comparison of the livestock production efficiency between two types of ownership of rangeland. Using the snowball sampling method,15 households were selected in each county. In the Sunan County,the use of the pasture is allocated to households. Each household has its pastures for the summer,autumn,and winter. In the Tianzhu County,summer and autumn pastures are communal（ common）. Their use is collective on the village scale. Only the crop land for forage production and winter pastures are allocated to households. The research area,a part of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,has a fragile grassland ecosystem,and livestock is the main source of income for localresidents. Grazing is one of the causes of grassland degradation,and the difference in ownership led to different grazing behavior. Grazing activities overseen by herdsmen are determined by grassland ownership,and at the same time,these people are active in livestock production decisions. Accordingly,the objective of this study was to better understand and compare the land status in the two counties,to assess the resulting effects on the livestock productivity in terms of efficiency and to define new kinds of land ownership adapted to the local context. During this research,input and output data within each farm of the sample area were fully collected,such as the size of a pasture,supplementary feed,the number of breeding females,family labor,and the income from selling livestock,wool,milk,and other products. The DEA model（ the model of data envelopment analysis） was used to analyze the collected data and to assess livestock production efficiency under different types of land ownership. The following are main conclusions：（ 1） The average pure technological efficiency of households in the Tianzhu County was higher than that in the Sunan County（ 0.96 0.91）,and so was the average scale efficiency（ 0.86 0.70）,which resulted in the higher average livestock production efficiency of households in the Tianzhu County than in the Sunan County（ 0. 83 0. 63; P〈0. 05）.（ 2） The percentage of households whose comprehensive efficiency was 0.5 in the Tianzhu County was greater than that in the Sunan County（ 16.7% 10%）,and so was the percentage of households whose comprehensive efficiency was 0.7（ 23.4% 10%）. Thus,the distribution of efficiency was also better in the Tianzhu County.（ 3） According to these results（ excluding the impact of the scale efficiency）,redundant input is the main reason for households＇ low livestock production efficiency. The factors such as feed supplements,the number of breeding females,size of pasture,and family labor have different effects,from strong to weak,on the efficiency of livestock production. In conclusion,status of the rangeland ownership directly affects the livestock production efficiency. The collective use / management is better for improving production efficiency. These results can serve as a reference for local governance in order to develop a more rational system of rangeland ownership,to implement sustainable economic development,and to preserve the ecological environment as well.