我国野生动物外来物种入侵的法律应对——兼谈对环境法“调整论”反思的反思

On the Legal Response to the Invasion of Alien Wild Animals of China——Reflection on the Theory of Adjustment of Environmental Law

为有效应对野生动物外来物种入侵问题,我国应当借鉴美、日等国家的有益经验,及时修改《野生动物保护法》等立法,健全完善由外来物种的分类管理、风险评估、引进和放生许可、监测预警、应急反应等组成的制度体系。同时,还应当修改《侵权责任法》,将生态破坏侵权纳入统一的环境侵权责任制度;修改《刑法》,创设破坏生态罪的新罪名。此外,还应推进行政监管体制改革,成立专司生态保育工作的生态部,并在其下设立生物多样性管理局,实现对生物入侵应对事宜的统一监管。从理论上看,研究应对外来物种入侵的法律调整机理,不仅有助于理解关于环境法可以调整"人—自然"关系之"调整论"的可贵之处,还有利于揭示"自然体权利论"和"非人类中心主义"等极端观点的谬误所在,进而修正和完善环境法"调整论"。

To effectively cope with the invasion of alien wild animals,China should learn useful experiences from countries like United States and Japan,timely modifying wild animal conservation law and other laws and regulations,perfecting the legal regimes concerning sort management,risk assessment,permission of releasing captive animals,monitoring and early warning,and emergency reaction.At the same time,tort liability law and criminal law should also be revised,bringing ecological tort into unified environmental tort and creating the new accusation of destroying ecology.Besides,administrative supervision system should be reformed to set up an Ecological Department in charge of ecological protection,which has a Biodiversity Administration to conduct unified supervision over the invasion of alien wild species.Theoretically,the research on the mechanism of legal adjustment to deal with invasion of alien species not only helps to understand the value of the theory of adjusting relationship between human being and nature,but also helps to reveal the fallacy of natural right theory and non-anthropocentrism.