贵州古代土著社会的居住形态演变及其特点探析

A Research on the Evolution and Its Characteristics of the Living Form of the Indigenous People in Guizhou in Ancient Times

唐代及其以前贵州土著社会的居住形态为"散在山洞间"的山地型,这是与山地乔木与灌木环境下形成的游耕兼畜牧经济相适应的居住形态。宋代,随着其社会经济的发展和内地政治经济因素的输入,土著居住形态出现分层化、等级化的发展态势,并呈现出从山地型向河谷平地型的过渡态势,但二者长期并存,各得其所、各得其宜,是一种缓慢连续性发展变迁。元明清时期,贵州不断被纳入中央王朝直接管理之下,内地汉族的经济文化及其居住形态直接移入贵州,普遍出现了按照内地规制建筑的城市,在此背景下,产生了贵州土著居住最高形态——土司城。同时,各土著社会在对抗内地化农耕经济及其城镇居住形态的过程中,因长期"据阨为垒"、"据险起事",形成了独具特色的,适应当地喀斯特山地生态环境与游耕畜牧生计方式的军事化居住样态。

The Tang Dynasty before, the living form of the indigenous people in Guizhou is the mountain type of ＂spread in the cave＂, which is a living form that meet the needs of shifting cultivation and animal husbandry economy under the environment of mountain trees and shrubs. In the Song Dynasty, with the development of social economy and the input of mainland＇s political and economic factors, the development trend of the aboriginal living form is layering and hierarchical, and present a transition from the mountain to the valley plain model, but the two forms co-exist for a long time, which is a slow continuous change. Guizhou has been incorporated into the central dynasty and under its direct management in the period of the Yuan, the Ming and the Qing, Chinese economy and culture and its morphology in the mainland are directly in Guizhou, cities in accordance with the regulation construction in mainland generally appeared, in this context, the Toast city as the highest native living form in Guizhou comes into being. At the same time, the aboriginal society in the process of against the agrarian economy and urban morphology in the mainland, formed the unique military living form which is adapt to the local Karst mountain ecological environment and the shifting cultivation and animal husbandry livelihoods for long-term ＂guarding Ai as base＂, ＂ uprising guarding the risks ＂.