试论《医心方》中的七禽食方——《金匮录》、《神仙服食方》的成书年代

A Historical Study of the Longevity Potion of Seven Magical Herbs in the Japanese Medical Classic Ishinpo-With Analysis on the Dates of the Jinkui Lu and Shenxian Fushijing

公元10世纪的《医心方》一书中记载了《金匮录》里的"七禽食方"。这一方子是将《神农本草经·上品》中也提到的7种植物研磨成粉再加上优质的红枣和桂皮,据称服用后对健康大有裨益。文章就七禽食方做了初步调查。北魏《齐民要术》(约530)中引用了《神仙服食经》中的"七禽方";南朝《本草集注》中引用了"服食七禽散"。此外,在公元4世纪的《抱朴子·仙药篇》中有关菊华水的传说与《金匮录》佚文极其相似,所以据说葛洪所参考的《金匮绿囊》、《金匮绿秩》很有可能就是《金匮录》。由此可以推断七禽食方最晚出现在葛洪在世的公元4世纪前半期。《金匮录》旧题为京里先生所撰。因"甪"字抄写时容易讹为"亰",此书有可能是假托甪里先生的一部道书。

In the tenth century’s medical text Ishinpo,Yasuyori Tamba cited a mysterious longevity potion Qiqinshi fang from Jinkui Lu. This longevity formula consists of seven herbal plants,which were also listed in the Shennong Bencaojing’s Shangpin（ lit. premiums） section. Jinkui Lu says that each plant can give a corresponding vertebrate extra hundreds of years,and does so for humans well by following this preparation： grind them to powder,add fine jujube and cinnamon. Taking three pinches of the power after meals every day,you will become more healthy and live longer.This paper introduces an initial investigation of the Qiqinshi fang. In Qimin Yaoshu（ ca. 530） of the northern Wei dynasty,Qiqin fang was quoted from Shennong Fushijing; and Fushi Qiqinsan was quoted in Bencao Jizhu（ ca. 500） of the Southern Dynasties. In addition,Baopuzi（ Inner Chapters） of the third century contains the legendary story of chrysanthemum water,which resembles closely the one appearing in Jinkui Lu. This fact strongly implies that the references Jinkui Lünang and Jinkui Lüzhi Ge Hong mentions in the preface are,in fact,Jinkui Lu,and he quotes Qiqinshi fang and the story of chrysanthemum water from Jinkui Lu. Therefore,we can assume that the Qiqinshi fang had appeared by the fourth century at the latest. The complier of Jinkui Lu was traditionally titled the master Jingli（ 京里）. The unusual character lu（ 甪） was quite easily written as＂京＂（ n. b. 京 was often written as 亰 in the Six Dynasties）. Presumably,Jinkui Lu was originally ascribed as a work by Master Luli（ 甪里）.