中国新文学建构中的章太炎因素

Zhang Taiyan's Influence in the Construction of China New Literature

章太炎《齐物论释》所推崇的"不齐而齐"原则,与新文学标举的诸如个性,思想,创作的独立、自主等重要价值之间,存在"家族相似"性。章氏的"俱分进化论",丰富和深化了对现代性的理解和认知。我们从鲁迅身上,尤其是《野草》所代表的异常复杂、深刻的作品背后,从沈从文始终不愿放弃的"乡下人"写作立场背后,都不难辨认出由章氏对"现代性"的复杂认知,作为一种隐性精神结构贯穿其间的印迹。章氏的复古文学观,撇开六朝以来如《文选》所拟定的偏重文"章"的取径,重新确立重心,立足于文"字"的文学观。而"字"一方面是以"个"作为立足点,另一方面,章氏又致力于将"字"返回到它最初的状态上去理解和定义。这些思路,都是新文学"个性发现"和力求叙述、抒情最大限度地贴近现实的写作原则的重要思想学术来源之一。《国故论衡·文学总论》将六朝作了专门限定的"文学",重新泛化(拆解?解放?)为一切著于竹帛的文字范围,既是对中国自六朝以后渐成"典范"的传统"文学"观的一个有分量的批评,同时也暗含了对来自西方、后来几乎成为主宰近现代中国文学观的"律则"和"原理"的西方近代文学观的质疑性回应;此外,章氏这一对"文学"作了特殊解释和理解的"文学观",还是鲁迅对杂文、周作人对"杂学"之所以拥有如此强大的文学自信的极为重要的思想学术支撑之一。

The principles carried in Zhang Taiyan＇s Understanding Qiwulun（ Qiwulun shi） had similar lineage with the important values advocated in the New Literature Movement,such as individuality,ideology,and independent writing. From the works of Lu Xun or Shen Congwen,a trace of underlying structure can be detected,a trace which shows Zhang＇s complicate understanding of modernity. Zhang＇s advocation on literature,which was reverting to old ways,abandoned the approach of zhang（ chapter） that was descend from the Six Dynasties,and focused on zi（ word）. On the other hand,Zhang managed to retrace zi to its original meaning. All these provided significant sources to the New Literature. Zhang Taiyan＇s Chinese Culture Heritage： An Overview of Literature（ Guogu Lunheng： Wenxue Zonglun） re-defined literature as any characters written down. This was a strong criticism to the canonical Chinese literature idea which was formed since Six Dynasties（ Liuchao）. Also,it implicated queries and argumentations against the modern Western literature idea which later dominated modern Chinese literature. Under the influence of Zhang＇s new definition of literature,his students Lu Xun and Zhou Zuoren were enthusiastically interested in writing essays（ Zawen） and articles on variety knowledge（ Zaxue）.