人工岛屿国际法地位的历史嬗变

The Evolution of the Legal Status of Artificial Islands in International Law

作为利用海洋的有效手段,人工岛屿很早就受到国际社会的关注。由于人工岛屿兼具"人工性"和"岛屿"的双重特征,因此往往难以同岛屿、船舶和人工设施相区分。国际法对于人工岛屿法律地位规定的演变,反映了国家海洋主权或主权权利与海洋自由的二元对立,其本质是世界各国对于海洋权益的争夺。本文旨在从国际法制史的角度,透析人工岛屿法律地位的嬗变历程,突出人工岛屿在国际法上的本质特征,彰显国际法的基本发展思路。本文认为,人工岛屿法律制度的变迁映射了国际社会对于海洋归属认识的转变,其形成与发展是各国、各利益集团之间不断协商、博弈、求同存异的结果。国际法的与时俱进有赖于国际共同体各方秉持善意、公平、平等的原则,在国际法制的框架内,形成以共同同意为基础的国际法规则。

As an effective means of utilizing the oceans,the international community has been attracted in artificial islands for a long time. While artificial islands serve dual characteristics as 'artificial ' and 'island ', it is difficult to distinguish them with the natural islands,ships or other artificial facilities. The evolution of the legal status of artificial islands in international law reflected the conflict between coastal states' maritime sovereignty or sovereign rights and the freedom of the seas,the essence of which is the competition for nation's maritime rights. This article,from the perspective of international law history,reveals the evolution of the legal status of the artificial islands in the international law, highlights the essential characteristics of artificial islands in international law,and unfolds the basic principles of the developments of international law. This article argues that changes of the legal system of artificial islands have mapped the changes of awareness of the international society for the belongings of the maritime zones,and points out that its formation and developments have indicated ongoing consultations,games and compromises between the various states or interest groups. The development of international law depends on that all parties involved form the international rules on the basis of jointly agreements with principles of goodwill,equity and equality within the framework of international legal system.