论出土秦和西汉早期文献中的“生”和“产”

Sheng(生) and chan(产) in unearthed texts of the Qin and early Western Han dynasties

在出土秦和西汉早期文献中,"产"的用例较之先秦文献有明显增加,并出现了表示"生(与‘熟’相对)""新鲜或湿"等意义的新用法,这些意义在传世文献和其他出土文献中一般是用"生"表示的。就语言的内部机制而言,"产"的这些新义是受到了"生"的影响而引申出来的。然而内部语言机制的存在并不意味着现象的必然产生,现象的出现仍需外部力量的推动或某些诱因诱发。本文对先秦至西汉文献中"产"的用法进行了全面、系统的考察,指出"产"的用例增多最早源于秦的用语习惯,秦始皇推动"书同文字"政策把这种用语习惯推广到了其他地区,而西汉早期文献中"产"的用法大部分继承自秦文献。

This paper finds that in the unearthed texts of the Qin and early Western Han dynasties,chan(产) is used more frequently than in the Pre-Qin Period,and its meanings also expand to 'uncooked' and 'fresh',which is commonly expressed by the word sheng(生) in other ancient literatures.In terms of the internal mechanism of language,the new usages of chan are affected by sheng.On the other hand,the paper also explores the external forces of the change.The high frequency of chan is firstly found in the unearthed Qin documents and is presumed a dialectal habit of Qin dynasty.The habit later spreads all over the nation by the policy of shuton wenzi(书同文字 'standard characters'),which is also partly inherited in the texts of the early Western Han Dynasty.