美国反恐预警体系建设的经验与教训

Development Stages of Counter-terrorism Warning System of U.S.:Experience and Enlightenment

[目的/意义]恐怖主义是人类社会面临的重大威胁。如何推动反恐工作重心从事中的"应急处置"全面转向事前的"反恐预警",是取得现代反恐战争胜利的关键因素。近年来,我国暴恐事件呈多发频发以及由边疆向内地蔓延的发展态势,对国家安全和人民生命财产构成严重威胁。由于我国反恐预警建设起步较晚,目前我国尚未正式建立反恐预警体系。2001年"9·11"恐怖袭击事件发生后,次年美国建立了国土安全警报系统(HSAS)并于2011年将其升级为国家威胁警报系统(NTAS),对有效预防与遏制恐怖主义发挥了重要作用。[方法/过程]通过梳理近年来美国反恐预警体系建设的发展历程,分析与归纳了美国反恐预警建设过程中的成功做法与失败教训。[结果/结论]在此基础之上,提出要建设适应我国国情的反恐预警体系,加强反恐立法顶层设计,整合反恐情报体系,健全反恐预警机制,明确反恐预警原则以及形成全民反恐社会治理格局等政策建议。

[Purpose / Significance] Terrorism is one of the most serious problems in human society. It is a key issue to win the modern war of counter-terrorism to gradually transfer counter-terrorism war＇s focuses from posterior emergency response to advanced warning response. In recent years,violent incidents occurred frequently and spread from Xinjiang to the inland,which would seriously threaten the national security and people＇s life and property in China. However,because warning system of counter- terrorism started rather later in China,Chinese government has not ever built a formal one. After＂9·11＂terrorist attack happened,U.S. set up the Homeland Security Advisory System（ HSAS） in 2002 and updated it to National Terrorism Advisory System（ NTAS） in 2011 with advanced mechanism of counter-terrorism warning playing a key role in preventing and dealing with terrorism effectively. [Method / Process] After sorting out the history of U.S. counter-terrorism warning system,this paper analyzes and concludes successful experiences and meaningful lessons in the system ＇s development. [Result / Conclusion] Furthermore,the paper proposes that China should strengthen top-level design of anti-terrorism legislation,integrate counter- terrorism intelligence system,improve the early warning mechanism against terrorism,make clear principles of counter-terrorism warning and establish the formation of social governance of universal participation pattern of counter-terrorism to set up an anti-terrorism warning system suitable for China＇s conditions.