唐代典吏考

A Study of Dianli in the Tang Dynasty

"典吏"是唐代官府职员的类属称谓,学界以往倾向认为其并未有特定所指。新出《天圣令·杂令》有关"典吏"的规定提供了探讨这一问题新的切入点。唐代行用的"典吏"称谓有广义和狭义之分。广义上,"典吏"与"主典"、"典"等称谓意义一致,是对主要从事文书起草、文案检请等工作而有着各种名目的官府低级职员类属称谓。基层官府和新出使职官府相应职位以"典"命名,即"职典",是狭义的"典吏"。职典未有品阶,唐令以"其称‘典吏’者,‘杂任’亦是"对职典属性进行规范,确立了其在行政体制中与州县府、史、佐等杂任一致的职权与待遇。实际上,广义的"典吏"更为常见,成为文书运作高度程式化和官、吏分途日益明显时代背景的一项印记。

Dianli is a generic appellation of government staffs in Tang Dynasty.Scholars thought it didn＇t has specific reference in the past.Farrago Statutes of Tiansheng Statutes,the new material,has a provision on dianli,that provides a new entry point on discussing this field.Dianli had two kinds meaning：In the wide sense,dianli is the same as zhudian and dian,a name for the staffs who did the paperwork in government.Some government positions were named dian in basic level government and shizhi.These were zhidian,narrow sense of dianli.Zhidian didn＇t enter official ranks.Tang Statutes binded ＂those people who were called dianli were just as another zaren＂,gaving the same authority and treatment as zaren,such as,fu,shi,zuo.In fact,the wide sense of the dianli were more common,which becoming an impress of the age when paperwork is highly stylized and senior officials,petty officials were divided.