从齐驱并驾到异响竞流——汉魏诗歌的分野及其诗学意义

The Distinction of Han and Wei Dynasty's Poetry and Its Poetic Significance

汉魏诗歌走向分野是明清诗论家对魏诗不同于汉诗的特质深入探讨的结果,也是格调论诗渐趋严密的表现。王世贞首先指出曹植成就不如曹操,胡应麟详细论述了汉魏诗歌的不同,指出汉诗天然古质,魏诗刻意追求辞采之美、讲究修辞技巧,这种观念影响了《古诗归》《古诗源》《古诗赏析》等众多选本对汉魏诗歌的选评,汉魏有别逐渐成为清代诗学的主流观念。与明人相比,清代诗论家对魏诗新变特点多有肯定,一方面是由于清人所建构的诗歌经典体系更加宽广,另一方面是清代中叶开始实行以诗取士制度,有法可循的魏诗对初学者而言更加便利。

Poetry critics from the Ming and Qing dynasties explored the different features of the Han and Wei poetries,which resulted in the distinction between the poetries of the Han and Wei dynasties. Their explorations also indicated that the stylistic principles of poetry began to take shape. Wang Shizhen first claimed that Cao Zhi＇s achievements were lower than Cao Cao＇s,while Hu Yinglin examined the differences between the Han poetry and the Wei dynasty poetry,maintaining that Han poetry was unadorned and elegantly simple while Wei poetry was embellished with rhetorical strategies. These claims about Han and Wei poetry influenced the selection principles of many poetry anthologies such as Gu Shi Gui（ principles of ancient poems） and Gu Shi Yuan（ Ancient Poetry Source）. Compared with Ming-Dynasty critics,poetry critics of the Qing dynasty highly value the new features in the Wei poetry,because of their wider array of canonical poems and because the promotion of the officials began to be based on the candidates＇ poems.