昆山腔、昆曲与昆剧:名实之辨——昆曲名称的演变与发展的特殊性

A Differentiation among “Kunshan Tune”,“Kunqu Opera”and “Kunju”:Name Evolution and the Features of Kunqu Opera's Development

"昆山腔""昆曲"与"昆剧"所指为同一事物,但有着明显的意义差别,它们的先后出现反映了昆曲本身的发展及人们对其认识的变化。"昆山腔"一词出现于明代中叶戏曲诸腔并举之时,强调的是声腔意义;"昆曲"一词则产生于其从诸腔竞争中胜出之时,尊崇之意明显,所指既包括音乐也包括文学;而"昆剧"一词的出现最初可能仅仅由于南北语言差异,但后来用以表达剧种意义,尤其强调表演因素。但目前学术界普遍使用的却是"昆曲",原因在于"昆曲"一词最大地体现了事物的特征,所包括的丰富内涵是其他词汇无法表达的。除了呈现在舞台上的形态之外,这一词汇还包括了更多的内容:清工之学,堂名,曲学传统,昆曲对其他剧种的影响,乃至昆曲的戏曲文化内涵等。

＂Kunshan Tune＂,＂Kunqu Opera＂and＂Kunju＂actually refer to the same thing,but they are quite different in meanings. They came into being sequentially along with the development of people＇s understanding about this kind of performing art. In the mid Ming dynasty,＂Kunshan tune ＂ emerged with the blooming of several opera schools,it stressed the tune of opera; ＂Kunqu Opera＂emerged when it stood out from other opera tunes,with the connotation includes both music and literature. The appearance of ＂Kunju＂is attributed to the language gaps between the south and the north,afterwards,it＇s used to refer to this particular kind of dramas,especially to emphasize its style of performance. The term ＂Kunqu Opera＂now is generally accepted by scholars for its most comprehensive interpretation on the features of this opera,containing the richest cultural connotations. In addition,the term ＂Kunqu Opera＂includes even more contents： the contributions of Kunqu Opera amateurs,civil Kunqu Opera troupes,opera theories,opera tradition,its influences on other opera schools,and the cultural connotations of Kunqu.