句法语义基本对应的英汉动词分类体系研究

Syntactically and Semantically Unified Classification System of English and Chinese Verbs

在英语和汉语两种语言的词类对比研究中,最重要的就是动词研究。英语和汉语分属不同语系,英汉动词的对比分析需要一套句法语义基本对应的英汉动词分类体系,即构建一套分类和语法意义大致统一的英汉动词分类体系。及物性、价、线性组合和语言的实际使用构成本体系的4大标准。从总体框架看,英语动词可分为及物动词、不及物动词、双及物动词和短语动词。汉语动词可分为及物动词、不及物动词和双及物动词。这些大类按照价分成子类,子类又按照动词与其他词的线性组合关系分成若干小类。这样的分类体系基本保证英汉动词句法和语义分类的对应,有利于进行英汉对比研究和自然语言处理。

Verb is the most important part-of-speech to both English and Chinese,so the study of English and Chinese verbs is essential to language research. English and Chinese are typologically different,but they have some similarities such as both are relatively fixed order languages and obey the sentential sequence of SVO. In order to make a comparison between verbs of these two languages,a classification system which is unified both syntactically and semantically is desirable. This paper attempts to set up a classification system of verbs according to transitivity,valency,linear structural combinations and actual use of language. English verbs can be classified into four main categories,namely,transitive verbs,intransitive verbs,ditransitive verbs and phrasal verbs. Chinese verbs encompass three main categories,which are transitive verbs,intransitive verbs,and ditransitive verbs.These main categories are subdivided into smaller categories on the basis of valency and linear structural combinations. The influence of context should be investigated when some atypical phenomena of verbs occur. This classification system basically guarantees the correspondence of English and Chinese verbs in the aspect of syntactics and semantics which can promote the English and Chinese contrastive studies and natural language processing.