既判力相对性原则在我国制度化的现状与障碍

Current Situation and Obstacles of the Relativity Principle of res judicata in China's Institutions

我国传统民事诉讼法律理论框架及现行法不认可既判力理论,既判力理念上绝对化把握与作用范围相对化理解,在我国分别呈现出相对化与绝对化的悖反特征,进而造成制度解释与司法实务的困境。认可既判力相对性原则,并在作用范围方面予以相对性把握,其核心根据在于诉讼法上的程序保障原则。在民事诉讼法律制度与运作走向规范化的当下,通过梳理作为民事诉讼法律制度创新主要载体的司法解释,我们可以发现,在裁判文书所确认事实的免证规定、执行异议之诉标的的特定化、禁止重复起诉条件的设定、判决基准时后之新事由等制度的逻辑背后,存在着间接甚至直接认可判决效力去绝对化观念的制度端绪。与此同时,基于传统观念对实务产生的影响依然根深蒂固,绝对不允许矛盾判决存在观念因素、以牺牲程序保障为前提的过于追求诉讼效率的政策因素、第三人撤销之诉等制度因素、有关诉讼标的理解与争议等,在当下却构成了既判力相对性原则在我国制度化障碍因素,故而需要通过适当的解释论限定与规范的程序法教学转型,实现对上述障碍因素的消解与克服。

The theory of res judicata is not recognized by the traditional theory of civil procedural law and the current law in China. The absolute understanding of the res judicata concept and the relative understanding of the effect scope of res judicata are showing a reversal feature in China. As a result, it leads to predicaments in the explanation of system and the judicial practice. The core reason to recognize the relativity principle of res judicata and the relative understanding of the effect scope of res judicata lies in the procedure guarantee princi- ple. Meanwhile, as the standardization of the civil law system and its operation, through tidying the Judicial In- terpretation of Civil Procedural Law which is deemed as the main carrier of legal system innovation, we can find that there is a phenomenon in our system to recognize directly or indirectly the judgment effect removing the ab- solute understanding, at the rear of such institutions including the provision of the testifying facts confirmed by the referee instruments, the specification of the subject matter in the execution objection proceeding, the setting of the condition in ban repeated prosecution, the new reason after the benchmark time of judgment etc. The tra- ditional concepts still have an ineradicable impact on practice. The concept factor of denying the existence of inconsistent judgment, the policy factor of excess pursuit of the efficiency in proceedings at the expense of pro- cedure guarantee, the institution factors of the third party withdrawal of the complaint etc, and the actual opera- tion factors of the understanding and controversy about the subject matter, constitute the obstacles to the relativ- ity principle of res judicata. Therefore, it is necessary to overcome such obstacles by the appropriate limitation of explanation and the teaching transformation of procedural law.