中国古建筑石灰灰浆的光谱分析技术

Spectral Analyses of the Lime Motar in Ancient Chinese Architectures

石灰是中国古代最早使用的重要胶凝材料,广泛应用于房屋、墓葬、城墙、堤坝等古代建筑工程中。古人还在石灰灰浆中添加糯米浆、动物血液、植物汁液、红糖、桐油、纸筋、秸草等有机材料以增进其性能。此外,中国古代还使用石灰、粘土和砂石组成现在称为"三合土"的混合石灰材料以构筑墓葬、城墙和水利工程等建筑墙体。在古建筑遗址的修复和保护工作中,本着"修旧如旧"的原则,必须对古建筑修建所采用的原材料和施工工艺进行分析研究,从而为修复工作提供科学可靠的依据。本文综述了在对中国古代建筑石灰灰浆的分析中所采用的光谱分析技术,包括拉曼光谱、红外光谱、X射线衍射和X射线荧光光谱,以及扫描电子显微镜、热重分析等其它一些分析技术,讨论了各种分析技术的用途、优势和劣势。

As an important binding material, lime mortars have been widely used in buildings, tombs, city walls and dams in the long history of China. Organic materials, such as sticky rice soup,animal blood,juice from plants, brown sugar,tung-oil, paper and straw,were added to lime mortar in order to enhance its performance. Lime, clay and sand were mixed as the so called ＂triple-combined soil＂ to build the walls of ancient buildings. In the conservation and restoration work of ancient buildings, following the fundamental principles of ＂restoration as the past＂,it is necessary to make a comprehensive analysis on the original materials and con- struction technology of the ancient buildings in order to provide reliable scientific evidences for the conservation and restoration work. In this paper, the spectral analytical methods ap- plied in the study of ancient lime mortars,including the Raman spectroscopy,infrared spec- troscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscope-energy disper- sive spectroscopy, were reviewed. The application,merit and demerit were analyzed and com- pared, respectively. Other chemical methods were also introduced and analyzed in detail.