1980-2012年村域居民点演变特征及其驱动力分析

Evolution characteristics and its driving force of rural residential land at village level during 1980-2012

探讨农村居民点时空演变过程特征及其内在驱动机制,引导农村居民点空间格局演变是当前中国农村居民点用地整治与重构的核心内容。该文以古泥村2012年实测地形图为现状底图,运用参与式村域居民点用地制图方法绘制复原了古泥村1980年以来4个时点农村居民点利用图谱,从村域农村居民点用地规模、空间形态、结构体系等方面对比分析村域农村居民点用地时空演变特征,构建了村域农村居民点演变的自然-经济-区位驱动力模型。研究结果表明,古泥村农村居民点用地面积年均增长率达到1.21%,农村居民点斑块表现出集中趋势,农村居民点扩展速度经历了从单纯扩张向扩张与紧缩共存的过程。农村居民点斑块二维空间形态趋向于偏离圆形和方形,为不规则形态;村域主要聚居点空间结构体系演变较为剧烈且等级不合理,表现为村社一般型聚居点所占比例较大,村社优势型聚居点所占比例严重偏小,尚未形成具有村域优势的聚居点。在村域总人口增长放缓背景下,农户数量增加是促进农村居民点用地规模增长的主导因素,村域微观尺度农村居民点用地增长驱动因素在时间尺度上经历了由人口要素驱动→经济要素驱动→环境经济政策多重要素驱动转变。

Currently, the Chinese social economic transition has been in a critical period when more resistance and frictions for such transitions are occurring. The social and economic transition and urban-rural restructuring have been real issues for social economic transition, and adjustment time for China＇s social economic policy development, we established rural residential land use map at village level, spatial attribute data of rural residential land at peasant household level and social economic data during different time using the method of field research called Participatory Rural Appraisal. Based on rural residential land evolution process at spatial and time dimensions and its characteristics in Guni village of Chongqing in resent 30 years since 1980, we analyzed evolution characteristics of rural residential land scale, space form, structure system and landscape pattern at village level, and summed up general rule of rural residential land evolution in space and time dimensions. The results showed that rural residential land area in Guni village was 22.79 hm2 in 1980, and increased to 33.47 hm2 in 2012. The average annual growth reached 1.21%. Rural residential land patch had been in a central tendency at time dimension, and expansion rate of rural residential land experienced a process from pure extension to coexistence of expansion and tightening. Rural residential land patch was in an irregular shape, which was departed from circular and square at spatial and time dimensions. The spatial structure of rural residential land presented an evolution tendency from relatively centralized to comparatively decentralized, while spatial structure system of main settlements had an acute evolution with unreasonable grade. The landscape diversity of rural residential land patch and its uniform distribution degree had a further improvement at village level, but the landscape heterogeneity had been further stood out at group level. Leading factors（total population, quantity of labor force and peasant household） could promote the expansion of rural residential land scale. However, its influence had a downward trend with time scale. Economic development level factors such as average income were inducement factors, and its driving force had further strengthened with time. Locations along the highway were one of the leading driving forces of newly-added rural residential land expansion, and the expansion of rural residential land since 2005 had been the result of new rural reconstruction policy-driven. Based on driving force model of rural residential land evolution from ＂nature-economy-position＂ aspects,it could reveal that increase number of farmers is a main factor to promote the expansion of rural residential land scale. At time level, the driving force of rural residential land growth at micro level has experienced among population driving, economy driving and environment policies driving.