土流博弈与内疆展拓:以隆万间古田之役和罗旁之征为中心

Choice between Local Chieftains and Appointed Officials in Expanding into Inner Domain:An Analysis of Gutian Campaign and Luopang Campaign during the Longqing and Wanli Reigns

包括广东岭西、广西、云、贵等地在内的西南少数民族聚居地区,有明一代时常发生叛乱。到了隆庆和万历初,高拱、张居正等强势阁臣推行积极拓展的边疆政策,对西南地区产生了强烈影响。地方督抚遂确定了征剿的方策基调,除征讨岭东的海贼和山寇外,对岭西、两广交界的"猺、獞"叛乱采取强力征伐手段,先后发动了广西的古田之役、广东泷水县的罗旁之征。因地貌和征讨对象的相似,以及前后两役谋划者的联系,故两者在具体行动和善后措施上具有某种借鉴性和关联性。而如城池修建、官署设置、兵备和参将的配合与驻军的守护、道路开辟与网络化、招徕移民垦田入籍、设立学校加强教化等善后措施的采取,以及这些成果的不断巩固和扩大,使得化外之区完成了从形式上归附到纳入国家有效控制体系的实质转变。

The minorities who lived in compact communities in southwestern China including Lingxi district,Guangxi,Yunnan,Guizhou and Sichuan revolted frequently during the Ming dynasty.During the Longqing and the early Wanli reigns,powerful cabinet ministers like Gao Gong and Zhang Juzheng carried out some aggressive frontier policies,which had great effect on the southwest.Local governors undertook military campaigns,wiped out pirates and marauding bands in Lingdong district,and suppressed Yao and Zhuang rebellion in the junction area between Guangdong and Guangxi by force.The Gutian campaign carried out in Guangxi during the 4and 5year of the Longqing reign and the Luopang campaign in Longshui County,Guangdong during the 4and 5year of the Wanli reign were quite similar in the way it was done and subsquent rehabilitation due to the similarity in topography and rebels,and the official who made plans in both campaigns.Measures they had adopted,like the construction of the city wall,the establishment of the administrative agencies,the cooperation between Bingbei official and the Canjiang officer,the garrison guarding,the building of road networks,attracting immigrants to cultivate and naturalize and setting up schools for civilization,gradually transformed the former tribal domain and incorporated them into the state administrative system not only in form but also in essence.