守护人之本性——再论节制欲望的共产主义和人类文明再启蒙

Guarding Human Nature:Again on the Desire-controlled Communism and the Re-enlightenment of Human Civilization

本文区分了人性和人之本性。其中,人之本性是人之为人的根本属性,不随社会制度和环境的变化而变化;人性则由社会制度与环境塑造,常为人之本性的异化。人之本性可概括为"互慈和创",它是人的本真生命活动,是人的"实在的自由",体现了"整体关联"这一人之存在的本质特征,是人的独立性、个体性、意义感、尊严感和安全感的来源,是人的生命之源,是善的体现。人之本性也容易因既定的生活模式和社会环境而被遮蔽、扭曲和异化,原因在于人类有其弱点,即文中讨论的两个"死亡恐惧"。本文还揭示了资本主义是如何通过"人本性自私"的假设和鼓吹"自由竞争"而打碎人类互慈和创的社会基础,塑造"形象自我"和"经济人"的人性,并利用人之弱点而奴役大众。因此,我们提出,人类文明急需再启蒙,其宗旨是守护和回归人之本性。由此,我们提出以人之本性为基础、尺度与归依的"本真的(彻底的)人本主义"。最后,我们以此再次阐明"节制欲望的共产主义"——这一守护人之本性的社会是消除人之本性普遍异化的理想社会。

In this paper,the distinction is made between the humanity and human nature.Human nature is the fundamental property of a human being. It cannot be changed with the change of social system and environment. Humanity is shaped by the social system and environment,often aliened from human nature. Human nature can be summed up as ＂mutual kind and harmonious creation＂,which is the essence of human activities,the real freedom.It also expresses the ＂correlative wholeness＂,which is the essential characteristic of human being. It is the source of human independence,individuality,feeling of significance,or sense of dignity and security. It is the source of human life and the embodiment of goodness.But human nature can also easily be covered,twisted and alienated by the established patterns of living and social environment. The reason is that human being has its own weakness,that is,the two fears of death as discussed in this paper. We also reveal that how capitalism broke the social foundation of ＂mutual kind and harmonious creation＂ through the assumption that ＂human nature is selfish＂ and advocating free competition. We also discuss how capitalism enslaved the masses by shaping ＂imaged self＂ and ＂economic man＂ and by making use of the weakness of human being. Therefore, we put forward the reenlightenment of human civilization,whose purpose is to protect and return to human nature. For this,we also propose the ＂true（complete）humanism＂ with human nature as the foundation,measurement and basis. Finally,we once again call for ＂desire controlled communism＂,the ideal society of guarding human nature and eliminating the alienation of human nature.