晚清中俄东部边界安全形势变化与呼伦贝尔新政

The Change of Security Situation on the Sino-Russian Border in Late Qing and the Hulunbuir Reform

同一处边境地带的地缘政治意义,在两国间力量消长的过程中,常常随着政治经济条件的改变而变化更替。在《尼布楚条约》签订后,中俄东部边境维持了近百年的平静态势。局面真正的转折发生在19世纪中期之后,随着沙皇俄国向黑龙江流域的进一步侵略和对东蒙地区的经济扩张,处于蒙古高原和黑龙江流域交界处的呼伦贝尔,数十年时间内安全局势突转严峻。为了抵消威胁、巩固边防,新政时期清政府开始对呼伦贝尔进行整体开发。呼伦贝尔局势的骤变,是经济文化变迁影响地缘政治局势的颇好例证。

During the shift of relative power between two countries,the geopolitical implications of border areas often change with political and economic conditions. After the settlement of the Treaty of Nerchinsk,the eastern part of Sino-Russian border had witnessed peace for about one hundred years. The turning point came after the middle of the 19~th century,when the Tsarist Russia intruded into the Heilongjiang River area and expanded economically into eastern Mongolia.Hulunbuir,which stands at the intersection of the Mongolian Plateau and the Heilongjiang River area,started to face a grave security situation in the next few decades.In order to resist the threat and strengthen border defense,the Qing Dynasty started a comprehensive cultivation of Hulunbuir with new policies The sudden change of the situation in Hulunbuir is a case in point to show how the change of economy and culture influences the geopolitical situation.