马尔库塞对马克思“巴黎手稿”解读的贡献

Marcuse's Contribution to the Interpretation of Marx's Paris Manuscripts

马尔库塞是第一个对1932年公开出版的"巴黎手稿"进行及时解读的人,并由此掀开了接下来西方学界的"巴黎手稿热"。马尔库塞对马克思巴黎手稿的解读贡献可分为早期和后期两个阶段:早期阶段,以其《历史唯物主义的基础》(1932)首次认定了巴黎手稿之于历史唯物主义的重要性,以及异化劳动概念在马克思关于人的本质观中的重要意义,正是这样的认定,日后成就了整个西方马克思主义人本主义一派对于巴黎手稿的基本解读格局;后期阶段,马尔库塞以其《自然与革命》(1972)中对巴黎手稿的再解读,引入了一种介于人本主义马克思主义和海德格尔主义马克思主义之间的解读范式,即以存在主义化的"自然"概念的引入和"感受"异化批判为视角,将历史唯物主义重建工作由异化劳动引向异化感受领域。马尔库塞的解读贡献,在巴黎手稿的历史地位确认及其基本内容认定等方面,不仅肇始了整个人本主义西方马克思主义对马克思巴黎手稿的基本判断,而且还试图伴随着20世纪中后期西方学界对于巴黎手稿的持续讨论,尝试着将精神分析学的和存在主义的方法引入这一论证。时至今日,我们在国际语境中探讨马克思的巴黎手稿的相关议题,无不受马尔库塞所开创的这一解读先河的影响。

Herbert Marcuse（赫伯特·马尔库塞） was the first person who gave his own interpretation on Paris Manuscripts immediately after its publication in 1932, which aroused many Western scholars＇ interest. Mareuse＇ s contribution to the interpretation of Marx＇ s Paris Manuscripts can be divided into two stages： 1 ） In the essay New Sources on the Foundation of Historical Materialism （1932） that he wrote in the early stage of his life, Mareuse first recognized how important Paris Manuscripts was to historical materialism and how great the significance of ＂alienated labour＂ was for Marx＇ s view on human nature. It is this recognition that turned the discussion about Paris Manuscripts by Western Marxist humanists into a new structure; 2） In the essay Nature and Revolution （1972） that he wrote in the late stage of his life, Marcuse introduced a different interpretation model between humanist Marxism and Heideggerian Marxism. That is to say, by introducing the concept of existentialist ＂nature＂ and critiquing alienation from the perspective of ＂feeling＂, Marcuse shifted the reconstruction of historical materialism from alienated labour to alienated feeling. Marcuse＇ s contribution to the interpretation of Paris Manuscripts, including identifying the importance of these manuscripts in history and classifying the basic points in these manuscripts, not only determined the basic judgment on Marx＇ s Paris Manuscripts by Western Marxist humanism, but also made it possible to introduce psychoanalysis and existentialism in the discussion about the manuscripts during the mid-to-late 20th century. Today, when we explore relevant issues of Marx＇ s Paris Manuscripts in the international context, Marcuse＇ s foundational interpretation still has a certain power.