德国“文化心灵”论在中国——以宗白华“中国艺术精神”论为个案

The German Theory of “Culture-soul”in China:A Case Study of Zong Baihua's Thinking on “the Spirit of Chinese Art”

德国"文化心灵"论在中国的理论旅行踪迹可透过宗白华的"中国艺术精神"论得到显示。宗白华的"中国艺术精神"观念的形成,经历精神文化启蒙、中西文化反思和文化美学比较等时段,借助中国抗战时期特殊作用而逐步定型。来自德国的"文化心灵"变异为"艺术精神"或"艺术心灵"恰是由于宗白华的关注焦点在于中国艺术问题。宗白华之突出中国式艺术心灵的作用,可见出德国"文化心灵"观念同以儒道禅为代表的中国古典宇宙观的异质交融。抗日战争成为"中国艺术精神"观念得以催生和成熟的中国现代思想史上的"关键时刻"。"中国艺术精神"论并非单纯产生于中国语境内部,也不只是对德国学术思想的简单沿用,而是德国"文化心灵"等观念与"心学"等为代表的中国文化传统在中国现代性问题域中相遇而生的创造性变体。

Zong Baihua＇ s （宗白华 ） thinking on ＂ the spirit of Chinese art ＂ is a good example of the traveling theory for the ＂culture-soul＂ theory of German intellectuals. The formation of Zong＇ s idea about the spirit of Chinese art underwent three steps, of which the first was the cultural enlightenment, the second was the rethinking of Chinese culture and Western culture, and the third was the comparison of culture and aesthetics of different nations. Zong＇ s idea received its final pattern during the War of Resistance against Japan. Zong changed the ＂culture-soul＂ from the German theory into ＂spirit of art＂ or ＂soul of art＂ because his focus was the history of Chinese art. Zong＇ s idea was an interaction between the German concept ＂culturesoul＂ and Chinese traditional philosophy. The War of Resistance against Japan became a crucial moment in modern Chinese intellectual thoughts for the creation and maturation of the conception of ＂the spirit of Chinese Art＂. This idea which was rooted in Chinese context, was not simply an application of German philosophy, but also a complex creative variant in the realm of Chinese modernity when the German doctrine of ＂culturesoul＂ met with Chinese cultural tradition like Wang Yangming＇ s （王阳明 ） philosophy of the mind （心学）.