环境正义视角下邻避治理模式的重构

On Reconstruction of NIMBY Governance Mode from Perspective of Environmental Justice

在当前的邻避治理中,政府是唯一的主体,参考技术专家意见进行决策,不吸纳公众进入决策过程,存在政府职能越位的情况。决策按照"决定—宣布—辩护"程序进行,先是政府通过咨询技术专家意见,形成决策方案后向社会宣布,在公民提出异议后再进行辩护,决策程序不合理。同时,关于邻避冲突防范与解决的法规建立尚不够完善,不能满足邻避治理需要,存在法律供应不足的问题。这种邻避治理模式侵害了公民的环境知情权和参与权,导致部分邻避设施建设呈现"宣布—抗议—停建"的局面。需要切实尊重公民环境权益,按照环境正义要求重构邻避治理模式。让公民参与到决策和管理之中,通过合法程序进行交流和沟通,真正达成有效共识,按照制度规范运行。首先,邻避治理主体由一元向多元转变。居民和社会组织参与到邻避设施建设决策与管理中,实现多元主体的相互协作。其次,邻避设施建设决策程序由"决定—宣布—辩护"向"参与—协商—共识"转变。多元主体参与协商,充分吸收公民意见,回应其合理诉求,在达成共识后再进入决定与宣布环节。第三,邻避设施建设行为的规范化。完善环境公众参与、环境信息公开、环境权益救济等与邻避治理相关制度,使邻避设施建设各个环节有法制保障,规范政府、企业和居民行为。

In the current NIMBY governance mode, the government is the only subject, making decisions by referring to technical experts without the participation of the public, which is the offside of government functions. The decisionmaking is a“decision-publicization-defense”process:government consulting technical experts comes first, publicizing the decision to the society later and defending in response to the questions raised by citizens last, which makes the process of decision making unreasonable. Meanwhile, for the lack of supporting laws, the regulations of NIMBY governance, which can't meet the needs of NIMBY governance, still need improving. The current NIMBY governance mode tends to infringe the citizens’rights to knowing about and participating in environmental affairs, which causes the circumstances of“announcing-protesting-freezing”of some NIMBY projects. The governance mode needs reconstructing from the perspective of environmental justice to safeguard citizens?? environmental rights. Citizens should be allowed to participate in the process of decision making and management, and to communicate through legal procedure so as to achieve consensus and run according to the norms and standards. First, there should be multi?subject in NIMBY governance. Residents and social organizations should participate in the NIMBY governance to realize the coordination of various subjects. Second, the decisionmaking procedure of NIMBY governance should be transferred from“decision- publicization- defense”mode to“participation-negotiation-consensus”mode. With various subjects participating in the negotiation, citizens’ reasonable opinions should be responded and absorbed before the making and the announcement of the decision. Third, NIMBY facility construction needs to be regulated and standardized. The system of public participation, environmental information disclosure and environmental rights and interests relief associated with NIMBY governance needs improving and the behaviors of the government, enterprises and residents should be regulated.