“人化自然”视野下的生态困境及超越途径

Ecological Dilemma and Approaches of Solution from Perspective of “Humanized Nature”

"人化自然"是马克思自然观的核心思想,强调人与自然在实践基础上的辩证统一。"人化自然"理论主要阐述了人化的自然界是人生存和发展不可或缺的环境条件以及自然关系与社会关系相互制约这两个观点。以此为基础,马克思揭示出在资本主义制度下人与自然相抗衡及其社会根源,并从资本主义生产方式、人类劳动和生态环境的关系、"异化劳动"普遍化的这三个角度来解释人与自然相依相抗的社会根源。在当代,人与自然抗衡的过程也使得生态环境每况愈下,在此背景下,科学发展观站在人与自然和谐发展的角度上,对马克思"人化自然"的理论作出了创造性的阐述与解释,生态文明将转变单一的经济增长评价指标,强调人对自然的理性利用而不是片面支配,突出了在人和自然协调进步下人的自由而全面发展的价值目标。从"人化自然"到"科学发展",生态文明的价值在这一转变中被寄予了更多的期待,也体现了马克思对人与自然和谐共处所作的热情展望,这就是自然关系和社会关系实现全面和谐、实现人自由而全面发展的生态文明时代。从"人化自然"到"科学发展",这种方式也为当代人类社会发展指明了应有的生态觉悟和实践道路:警惕和抵制"生态霸权"、坚持和促进"科学发展"、确立和弘扬"生态"理念。

“Humanized nature”is the core of Marx??s view of nature, emphasizing the dialectical unity relationship between human and nature on the basis of practice. The“humanized nature”theory mainly elaborates the two viewpoints:the humanization of nature is the indispensable environment preconditions for survival and development of human being; natural relations interact with social relations. Based on the theory, Marx reveals the antagonism between human and nature and illustrates the social roots of this phenomenon under capitalism from three perspectives: the capitalist mode of production, the relationship between human labor and the ecological environment, the generalization of“alienation labor”. In contemporary society, such antagonism between human and nature has inevitably triggered the deterioration of the ecological environment. Under these circumstances, scientific outlook of development,put forward from the standpoint of the harmonious coexistence between human and nature, elaborates and explains Marx??s“humanized nature”theory in a creative way. In ecological civilization, economic growth isn??t viewed as the sole development indicator. Human??s rational utilization instead of irrational dominance of the nature is emphasized and human??s free and overall development along with the progress of harmonious coexistence between human and nature is highlighted. In the process of shifting from“humanized nature”to“scientific development”, the value of ecological civilization has invited great expectation, and it also displays Marx??s passionate outlook for harmonious coexistence of man and nature. The ecological civilization era is to achieve the overall harmony between natural relations and social relations to realize human ??s free and comprehensive development. Such a shift requires following ecological consciousness and practice principles:to alert and resist the“ecological hegemony”, to uphold and promote the“scientific development”, and to establish and carry forward the“ecological”conception.