山区乡村学校空间格局演变特征及发展水平

Spatial pattern evolvement characteristics of rural schools and their development level in the mountainous area

作为农村基础设施的乡村学校在工业化、城镇化的快速推进过程中正在面临极为严峻的形势。利用趋势面分析、空间热点探测分析、核密度估计、主成分分析、聚类分析等方法对2004-2014年山区乡村学校空间格局演变特征及发展水平进行实证分析,结果表明:1乡村学校的规模总体上大幅减少,尤其是学校的数量减少最为明显,减少接近一半(49.0%)。学校的高集聚区分布于沿江平坝区和两山所夹槽谷区,而两山区相对较低。2不同类型区乡村学校的服务范围显著缩小,特别是丘陵区2014年较2004年服务半径缩小62.0%,其次是低山区缩小47.2%。3乡村学校发展表现出空间变化较为强烈的相对不协调情景,由2004年发展的不均匀、不合理变为2014年的正常合理发展。4乡村学校的变化具有显著地正向空间集聚现象,整体呈随机分布状态,现已形成一个以西南部南宾镇为中心的大面积热点区和东南向以新乐、金玲和金竹为代表的低值区。5研究区乡村学校的发展可分为:基础差—衰落区、基础好—衰落区、基础差—发展区和基础好—发展区,这一格局与地形、经济、交通区位等对教育资源的分配影响有很大关系。6未来研究区乡村学校的发展方略应着重考虑优化乡村学校的布局,适时引导适龄儿童的家庭就近就地迁移,强调中心校、"大校"和"名校"建设。在山区人口大规模流动的背景下,明确现阶段和未来的发展思路和策略,对指导山区乡村学校发展有重要意义。

Schools in rural areas are highly important to societal infrastructure, and rapid industrialization and urbanization are threatening the likelihood of these schools. This paper presents an analysis of the spatial pattern evolvement characteristics of rural schools and their development level in a mountainous area over the past 10 years. Various methods, including trend surface analysis, spatial hot spot detection, kernel density estimation, principal component analysis and clustering analysis, were used in this study. Results demonstrated that the scale of rural schools has generally decreased significantly over the past 10 years. The reduction in the number of the rural schools was the most significant, decreasing to almost half（49%） of what they were 10 years ago. The highest concentration of rural schools is found in the plain area along the Yangtze River and the valley area between Qiyao mountain and Fangdou mountain. However, the concentration degree of rural schools was relatively low in the Qiyao mountain and Fangdou mountain areas. The service radius of rural schools in various regions has also changed drastically over the last 10 years. In comparison with data from 2004,the results from 2014 showed a 62% decrease in the service radius of the hilly region, and a47.2% decrease in the low mountain area. Despite their decreasing numbers, the development of rural schools has shown a relatively strong spatial variation. It was non- uniform and unreasonable in 2004, and was normal and reasonable in 2014. Moreover, the change of rural schools had a significant positive spatial clustering phenomenon. In earlier years, the schools was randomly distributed. Nowadays, a large area hot zone has formed with Nanbing town,southwest Shizhu County as the center, and low value area with Xinle, Jinling and Jinzhu as typical towns. The recent development of rural schools can be divided into poor basis- fading area, good basis- fading area, poor basis- development area, and good basis- development area.This pattern has formed due to the fact that terrain, economy and traffic location have great influence on education resources. The future development strategy should focus on both the optimization of rural school layout and encourage families with school- age children to reside locally. Center schools, large schools and famous schools should also be constructed simultaneously. Under the context of population large- scale floating, clearing the current and future development ideas and strategies was important to guide the development of rural schools in mountainous areas.