对周原遗址凤雏建筑群的新认识

New Insights into Building Complex at Fengchu

本文利用周原遗址2014年发掘的凤雏三号基址(F3)和以前的凤雏甲组建筑、云塘—齐镇建筑群、召陈建筑群,从建筑组合的类型学分析,三大建筑群在周原遗址聚落变迁中的位置,专业知识的学习与创新等角度出发,论证凤雏甲组的始建年代应为西周早期。指出周人的早期大型建筑基址(凤雏建筑群)应是对商代建筑形式的模仿与学习。结合西周铜器铸造的学习与发展过程,可发现大型建筑也遵循着同样的过程,即西周早期的凤雏建筑群秉承商代建筑特征,中期的召陈建筑群体现周文化特征,晚期的云塘—齐镇建筑群,此后秦马家庄宗庙建筑延续其风格。最终推测凤雏建筑群的设计者的族属为商人,而其使用者身份的为周王或其在周原的代理人。

The author attempts to give a typological analysis of building foundation no. 3（F3）, which was excavated at Fengchu, Shaanxi province in 2014, building A at Fengchu and Yuntang-Qizhen and Shaochen building complexes. The locations of the three building complexes in Zhouyuan settlements are explored. It is pointed out that building A was first built in the early Western Zhou dynasty; early largescale building foundations of the Zhou people（building complex at Fengchu） were imitation of Shang architectural style. By referring to the process of Western Zhou bronze casting, the author finds out that the same applies to large-scale buildings, i.e. Fengchu building complex（early Western Zhou） shows Shang architectural influences, Shaochen building complex（mid Western Zhou） shows Zhou cultural features, while Yuntang-Qizhen building complex（late Western Zhou） and Majiazhuang ancestral temple（Qin state） are continuation of the Zhou style. It is believed that building complex at Fengchu was designed by the Shang people and used by the Zhou king or his representative at Zhouyuan.