马克思资本逻辑场域中的主体问题

The Subject in the Light of Marx's Logic of Capital

在马克思的哲学思想中,主体问题占据着重要地位。西方马克思主义者和国内学者均对此问题作了深入研究,这些研究极大地深化了我们对马克思哲学中主体问题的理解,但同时也存在一些值得反思的问题。客观理解马克思哲学中的主体问题,应该深入到马克思哲学思想变革的历史进程中。在1845年实现哲学变革之后,马克思的思想中存在着双重逻辑:即人类学意义上的生产逻辑与批判资本主义社会的资本逻辑。西方马克思主义与国内实践唯物主义关于主体问题的讨论,其理论基础是生产逻辑,这是从《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》、《德意志意识形态》到《1857—1858年经济学手稿》的主导性思路。实际上,在《资本论》中,统摄生产逻辑的资本逻辑才是马克思哲学的主导逻辑。在资本逻辑的结构化过程中,劳动本体论以及建立在劳动本体论基础的主体消解了,人和物都成为价值增殖的工具,从而展现出与强调人的主体创造性完全不同的理论构架。研究马克思哲学中的主体问题,最重要的是要在资本逻辑这一全新的场域中,探讨不同于传统主体的新主体的生成问题。

The subject occupies an important position in Marxist philosophy.Both Western Marxists and scholars in China have made an intensive study of this issue,greatly deepening our comprehension of the question of the subject in Marxist philosophy,but at the same time there remain some issues that merit consideration.To objectively comprehend the question of the subject in Marxist philosophy,we need to go deep into the historical process of the change in Marx's philosophical thought.After the transformation of his philosophy in 1845,there was a dual logic in Marx's thought:the logic of production,in the anthropological sense,and the logic of capital in the critique of capitalist society.The theoretical foundation of the discussion between Western Marxists and China's practical materialists on the question of the subject is the logic of production,the dominant idea fromTheses on Feuerbachand The German Ideologyto Economic Manuscripts of 1857-1858.In fact,in Capital,the logic of capital,which controls the logic of production,is the dominant logic in Marx's philosophy.In the course of the structuring of the logic of capital,the ontology of labor and the subject based thereon disappear;people and things become instruments of value increase,giving rise to a completely different theoretical framework from the emphasis on the creativity of the human subject.In studying the question of the subject in Marxist philosophy,the most important thing is to explore the origins of the new subject,which differs from the traditional subject,from the new perspective of the logic of capital.