社会企业:发展异质性、现状定位及商业模式创新

Social Enterprise: Development Heterogeneity,Positioning and Business Mode Innovation

社会企业在弥补公共部门提供社会服务能力不足和私人部门创造社会公益"市场失灵"方面愈发具有重要性。多元推动因素下的社会企业在创造经济价值和社会价值上体现出不同的效率,呈现出异质性的特点。社会企业需要整合商业和公益元素从而处于一种富有成效的平衡状态,实现社会价值与经济价值的均衡性,才有利于社会企业的可持续发展。本文基于发展异质性的视角,深入探析中国社会企业所面临的外部环境和自身模式的局限,并提出中国社会企业存在两种递进关系的发展定位:一是由政府引导、公民社会推动、市场供需驱动融合促进社会企业的多元化发展;二是社会企业兼顾经济和社会价值均衡共创发展。进而,借助商业模式的典型三维体系,本文将客户价值主张作为目标、企业资源和能力作为支撑、盈利模式作为基础,从目标定位、运营创新和理念更新三个方面对社会企业的商业模式进行了重构。最后,从完善政策体系、创新管理体制、加强理念培育等方面,就如何促进和支持中国社会企业的发展提出了相关政策建议。

In nearly 20 years, social enterprises have gradually appeared in various countries of the world. As a new form of business to make up for inadequate capacity of public sectors to provide social services and to improve ＂market failure＂ of private sectors in social welfare,its importance has become more prominent. This is mainly due to the unique ＂double identity＂ of social enterprises： not only different from ordinary commercial enterprises, but also different from the traditional public service organizations, it is a form of business having the nature of private sectors with its basic objective to provide sustainable social value. Compared with American and European coun- tries, China＇s social enterprises are still immature, on the one hand, the positioning of social enterprises is not clear, there are problems including various forms of practice, unclear development path, lack of market drive and many ＂quasi-social enterprises＂ still in the experimental phase; on the other hand, the business model falls behind, rela- tively weak in its capability to create social value and economic value, and its existence value tends to bias. Therefore, on the basis of previous studies, the main purpose of this thesis is to review the current situation and position of social enterprises from heterogeneity perspective on the development of social enterprise, and to explore strategies to innovate the business model to facilitate social enterprises to grow. For social enterprises, the development heterogeneity is mainly reflected in two aspects： firstly, compared with commercial enterprises and public organizations, social enterprises is different in the efficiency to create economic value and social value, which reflects the difference between social enterprises and non-social enterprises; second- ly, social enterprises in different development stages are different in the efficiency to create economic value and so- cial value, which reflects the difference between social enterprise. Therefore, based on the different efficiency and fo- cuses to create economic value and social value, social enterprises can be divided into different levels and positio- ning. From the long term aspect, the difference of the capability of social enterprises to create social value and eco- nomic value should fluctuate within a small range; otherwise, it may lead to deviation from the ＂double identity＂ feature of social enterprises to create both social value and economic value. In other words, social enterprises need to integrate business and public elements in order to be in a productive balance, and to achieve a balanced develop- ment of social value and economic value. Currently, China＇s social enterprises are facing greater difficulties in the development process. On the one hand ,the external environment for social enterprise development in China is weak ,with relatively little social entre- preneurship; on the other hand, due to the imperfect business model, social enterprises are facing some operational difficulties, including financing difficulties, simple business model, unclear profit distribution model and so on. Based on this situation, combined with the heterogeneity of social enterprise development, the thesis argues that there are two kinds of progressive positioning of China＇s social enterprises ： first is being promoted by citizens and society due to lack of market drive ; second is unbalanced and unsustainable capability for social enterprises to create social val- ue and economic value. To meet the requirements for social enterprises to develop in a balanced manner to create e- conomic value and social value, it is necessary to change the traditional concept of the operation, and to innovate the business model. Based on the three-dimensional system of business model, taking customer value as proposition as the target, enterprise resources and capability as the support ,profit model as the basis ,this thesis rebuilds the business model of social enterprises from the three aspects of targeting, operational innovation and idea updating. In targeting, the traditional customer value proposition is broken though and the ＂business rules＂ suitable for social enterprises are redefined from a new perspective; in operational innovation, the author explores new financing, production and oper- ation models; in idea updating, social enterprises shah firmly stick to the ＂social mission＂ to guarantee the subjec- tive social value and the objective economic value.