加尔文的犹太观:宗教改革语境下的相对宽容

Relative Toleration in the Reformation Context:Calvin's View of Jews

针对《诗篇》中一些被寓意解经法解释为预表耶稣的受难与复活的章节,加尔文按照字义解经法,将其解释为关于大卫王的历史记载,从而消解了寓意解经传统对相关经文的反犹式解读。加尔文承认《旧约》与《新约》是一个统一的整体,从而肯定了《希伯来圣经》在基督教信仰中的地位;他坚持认为上帝与以色列人所立的"旧约"和与基督徒所立的"新约"在本质上是一致的;而且他还超越了基督教传统中长久以来将福音与律法相对立的观念,认为犹太律法对基督徒的作用不仅停留在路德所认识的消极层面,也有积极层面的功用。与对待基督教的异端分子相比,其著作《回应某位犹太人对基督教的质疑与反对》也反映出他对犹太人的态度是相对宽容的。加尔文对字义解经方法的推崇则与他个人所接受的人文主义的教育背景密切相关;他的"启示神学观"认为上帝的启示是一种"渐进式"的启示,《希伯来圣经》和上帝与犹太人所立的"约"以及犹太律法都是上帝启示的一部分,这构成了他对犹太教相对宽容的神学基础。

As for the＂foretelling of Jesus＇Passion and Resurrection＂chapters in Psalms,Calvin literally interprets them as histories of King David and break the tradition of allegorical anti-semitic interpretations;He fully affirms the unity of Old Testament and New Testament;Calvin considers God created essentially the same＂old covenant＂with Israelites as the＂new covenant＂with the Christians;He insists that the Jewish Law has both negative and positive functions to Christians.His book Ad quaestiones et obiecta Judaei cuiusdam responsio also reflects his relative toleration toward Jews compared to Christian heresy.Calvin＇s relative tolerance to Jews and Judaism was closely related to his revelation theology and humanistic background.