口蹄疫病毒遗传进化研究进展

Advances on evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus

口蹄疫病毒以"准种"状态生存和演变,具有群体庞大、复制突变率高、繁殖周期短等特征,是研究物种进化的最好模型之一。利用突变、遗传漂移、重组和基因迁移等多种机制以及在环境压力的作用下,口蹄疫病毒不断发生适应性进化,种群衍变分化导致其宿主嗜性、毒力、抗原性等表型出现差异,形成了具有明显区域特征的变异株系,展现出丰富的遗传多样性。现对口蹄疫病毒进化的源动力、进化方式及其结果进行综述,并对进化所产生的生物学效应进行介绍。

The understanding of foot-and-mouth disease virus（FMDV） evolution has been marked by the recognition of high mutation rates, large population, and short life cycles that make the virus becoming one of the best models for studying evolution. FMDV applies different kinds of mechanisms such as mutation, genetic drift, shift, recombination and selective pressure from environment to adapt to evolution. The dynamic changes of virus lead to various strains among regions which have significant differences in host tropism, viral virulence and their antigens. These characteristics all contribute to abundant FMDV genetic diversity. Here, we summarize the driving forces, mechanisms and results of FMDV evolution, especially its biological effects on hosts.