非正式制度因素对创业的影响作用探讨

A Discussion about the Influence of Informal Institutional Factors on Entrepreneurship

创业很大程度上依赖于制度。制度包括正式制度和非正式制度,除法律、政策等正式制度外,创业还受文化传统、大众舆论、宗教等等非正式制度的影响。文化传统通过其长期积习形成的观念,对生活在不同国家、区域内的创业者产生潜移默化的影响,从而决定了各经济区域内创业活力和特点的不同,可以反映在其创业数量和质量上;大众传媒承担了舆论的导向作用,对社会意识形态和价值观念产生潜在而长期的影响。对于创业者和初创企业,媒体传达的思想很大程度上作为模仿类型和文化榜样来影响创业机会的识别以及创业类型的选择。而作为一种社会历史文化现象的宗教,会通过影响经济态度、社会资本、人力资本进而影响到经济产出。如中东源宗教强调竞争和兼并,带来了创业动力与产权明晰的诉求,东方宗教则以儒释道为中心,强调伦理学,追求中庸和无为而治的思想,其创业精神也受到了影响。

Entrepreneurial activity depends in a large measure on institutions. Here,institutions include both formal and informal institutions. It means that entrepreneurial activities are not only affected by the formal system（ e. g. laws,policies）,but also affected by informal institutions（ e. g. cultural traditions,public opinion,and religious）. Cultural traditions are accumulated by long-term habits and have a subtle influence on entrepreneurs from different countries and regions,and thus determine on business activity and characteristics of different economic regions,it can be reflected in its entrepreneurial activity on its quantity and quality;The mass media play a guiding role of public opinion,and they have the potential long-term impact on the social ideology and values. As for entrepreneurs and newly-established firms,media influence the recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities and entrepreneurial type selection,because it convey ideas mainly as an example of imitate and culture model. And religious,a kind of social-historical-cultural phenomenon,will also play an important role in the economic output by influencing economic attitudes,social capital,human capital. For example,Middle East＇s religious ideology emphasizes competition and mergers,which brings in entrepreneurial impetus and the demands of property rights. But Eastern religions place Confucianism-Buddhism-Taoism in the central position,and they emphasize ethics,pursuit of moderation and laissez-faire,which influences the entrepreneurship of the people in east.