儒学对书法传播的干预:兼论馆阁体的积极价值

The Intervention of Confucianism on Calligraphy Communication:The Positive Value of Guange Style

儒家学说源于尧、舜、周公所立之礼仪思想,成熟于孔、孟。儒学的教化性仪式一度风行于周代,并于汉武帝时确立其独尊地位。汉代儒生的抄经形成了汉字书法的第一个高潮。赵壹《非草书》体现出儒生对非儒教信徒的歧视倾向。唐、元两朝虽以道教和喇嘛教为国教,但唐代科举考试却维护着书法的权威地位,元代的民间书法传统也从未断绝。书法一度构成了一种儒释道三种信仰群体的角力场。儒学家视书法为传经授道之技法,道家人士视之为解放自我的捷径,而释家人士则将其当成了构建独立信仰体的外在工具。为儒家科考制度催生出来的馆阁体仅仅是书写的一种规则,科举时代大量的杰出书法家都体现出一定程度的反儒学的价值取向。科举所带动的全民学书、尚书、敬书的风习对书法的连带性促进作用应当重新估量。

The Etiquette of Confucianism originated from the thoughts of Yao,Shun and Zhou gong and mature developed in the times of Confucius and Mencius.The original Confucianism ritual was popular in Zhou dynasty and it dominated the Han Dynasty.The writing classical behavior by the Confucian scholars in Han Dynasty has made the first climax of Chinese calligraphy.The Cursive criticism by Zhao Yi reflects discrimination for the non Confucian by the Confucian scholar.The national religion of Tang Dynasty was Taoism and the Buddhism in Yuan Dynastyas but the imperial examinations in the Tang Dynasty maintained the authority of calligraphy.The folk traditional calligraphy has never stopped in Yuan Dynasty.The calligraphy once constituted a wrestling field among the Buddhism,Taoism and Confucianism.The confucians regarded the calligraphy as the skill of spreading classics and the Taoists regarded it for the way of self liberation and the Buddhists took it as the independent external tools for their faith.The Guange style spawned by Confucian was just a writing a rule and the outstanding calligraphers in the imperial era were all opposed Confucianism.It is important for the imperial examination for its encouraging calligraphy.